12 BCE
The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor.
In 12 BCE, Emperor Augustus became Pontifex Maximus, merging the chief priesthood with the imperial office and strengthening his authority.
In 12 BCE, Augustus was officially named Pontifex Maximus, the chief religious official of Rome.
This appointment combined the highest religious and political powers in his person, reinforcing the divine aspect of his rule.
By incorporating the pontificate into the imperial office, Augustus cemented his control over Roman state religion and civic rites.
The title had been reserved for prominent senators and held great prestige since the Republic.
Augustus’s assumption of this role marked a turning point in the imperial cult and the centralization of authority under the emperor.
This fusion of religious and secular leadership helped stabilize the young principate and legitimize imperial governance.
12 BCE
Roman emperor
Augustus
Pontifex Maximus
845day.year
The 42 Martyrs of Amorium are killed after refusing to convert to Islam.
The 42 Martyrs of Amorium were executed in 845 for steadfastly refusing to renounce their Christian faith under Islamic rule.
In 845, forty-two captive defenders of the Byzantine city of Amorium were offered freedom if they converted to Islam.
They resolutely refused and were executed by the Abbasid authorities, becoming revered Christian martyrs.
Their steadfastness was celebrated across the Byzantine world, inspiring hymns and liturgical commemorations.
This event highlighted the religious tensions of the period and the severe consequences of refusing to forsake one’s beliefs.
The memory of the 42 Martyrs endured in Orthodox liturgy, symbolizing faithfulness under persecution.
845
42 Martyrs of Amorium
1204day.year
The Siege of Château Gaillard ends in a French victory over King John of England, who loses control of Normandy to King Philip II Augustus.
In 1204, King Philip II of France captured Château Gaillard, forcing King John of England to relinquish Normandy.
Built by Richard the Lionheart, Château Gaillard was considered nearly impregnable due to its strategic riverfront defenses.
In 1203–1204, Philip II laid siege with superior forces, cutting off the castle’s water supply and outflanking its walls.
On March 6, 1204, the French breached the ramparts and seized the fortress, marking a decisive victory.
King John’s loss of Normandy weakened English influence on the continent and shifted the balance of power in France’s favor.
The fall of Château Gaillard symbolized the rise of a more centralized and powerful French monarchy under Philip Augustus.
1204
Siege of Château Gaillard
John of England
Normandy
Philip II Augustus
1323day.year
Treaty of Paris of 1323 is signed.
The 1323 Treaty of Paris was signed, ending hostilities and redefining territorial boundaries between the involved kingdoms.
Signed on March 6, 1323, the Treaty of Paris brought peace after years of regional conflict and border disputes.
The agreement clarified sovereignty over contested lands, stabilizing relations between the French crown and its neighbors.
It established mutual guarantees, regulated trade routes, and set terms for the return of captured territories.
By codifying territorial claims, the treaty helped prevent further armed clashes and facilitated diplomatic cooperation.
The settlement laid groundwork for more enduring political alliances in medieval Europe.
1323
Treaty of Paris of 1323
1651day.year
The town of Kajaani, known at the time as Cajanaburg, is founded by Count Per Brahe, the Governor-General of Finland.
In 1651, Count Per Brahe founded Cajanaburg, now known as Kajaani, laying the foundation for a thriving Finnish town.
Governor-General Per Brahe established Cajanaburg on March 6, 1651, at the junction of the Kajaaninjoki and Oulujärvi waterways.
The new settlement provided a strategic trading hub for tar, furs, and timber in northern Finland.
A wooden castle was erected to protect the town and assert Swedish crown authority in the region.
Over time, Cajanaburg grew into Kajaani, becoming an important cultural and economic center in Kainuu province.
The town’s founding marked a key moment in the expansion of organized settlements and local governance under Swedish rule.
1651
Kajaani
Per Brahe
Governor-General of Finland
1788day.year
The First Fleet arrives at Norfolk Island in order to found a convict settlement.
On March 6, 1788, the First Fleet reached Norfolk Island to establish Britain’s second penal colony in the Pacific.
The British First Fleet, carrying convicts and marines, sailed to Norfolk Island to create a remote penal settlement.
Governor Arthur Phillip selected the island for its perceived abundance of resources and isolation from the mainland.
The settlement was intended to supplement Sydney with essential supplies like flax, timber, and food.
Early settlers faced harsh conditions, limited provisions, and isolation from other colonies.
Norfolk Island’s convict outpost would later become notorious for its severe discipline and challenging environment.
1788
First Fleet
Norfolk Island
convict settlement
1820day.year
The Missouri Compromise is signed into law by President James Monroe. The compromise allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, brings Maine into the Union as a free state, and makes the rest of the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase territory slavery-free.
President James Monroe signed the Missouri Compromise on March 6, 1820, balancing free and slave state admissions in the US.
The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, preserving the Senate balance.
It prohibited slavery north of the 36°30′ latitude in the remaining Louisiana Purchase territory.
Drafted by Henry Clay, the compromise aimed to ease sectional tensions between North and South.
While temporarily avoiding conflict, it underscored the deep divisions over slavery in early 19th-century America.
The agreement held until the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 reignited fierce debates over territorial slavery.
1820
Missouri Compromise
James Monroe
Missouri
enter the Union
slave state
Maine
free state
Louisiana Purchase
1836day.year
Texas Revolution: Battle of the Alamo: After a thirteen-day siege by an army of 3,000 Mexican troops, the 187 Texas volunteers, including frontiersman Davy Crockett and colonel Jim Bowie, defending the Alamo are killed and the fort is captured.
After a 13-day siege in 1836, Mexican forces captured the Alamo, killing all 187 Texian defenders, including Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie.
In early 1836, Texian forces occupied the Alamo mission as a defensive stand against Mexican President Santa Anna’s army.
From February 23 to March 6, Mexican troops bombarded and assaulted the fort, enduring fierce resistance.
On the final assault, all defenders, including frontiersmen Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie, were killed.
The fall of the Alamo became a rallying cry—“Remember the Alamo!”—for Texian independence.
This symbolic defeat galvanized support that led to the decisive victory at San Jacinto and the birth of the Republic of Texas.
1836
Texas Revolution
Battle of the Alamo
siege
Davy Crockett
Jim Bowie
Alamo
1857day.year
The Supreme Court of the United States rules 7–2 in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case that the Constitution does not confer citizenship on black people.
In 1857, the US Supreme Court issued its Dred Scott decision, denying citizenship to African Americans and intensifying national divisions over slavery.
The Dred Scott decision declared that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, were not intended citizens under the Constitution.
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney’s majority opinion argued that black people had “no rights which the white man was bound to respect.”
The ruling invalidated federal authority to regulate slavery in the territories, nullifying the Missouri Compromise.
It fueled abolitionist outrage in the North and emboldened pro-slavery factions in the South.
Widely condemned by anti-slavery advocates, the decision pushed the nation closer to Civil War.
1857
Dred Scott v. Sandford
1869day.year
Dmitri Mendeleev presents the first periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society.
Dmitri Mendeleev first presented his periodic table of elements to the Russian Chemical Society on March 6, 1869, revolutionizing chemical classification.
Mendeleev’s landmark presentation introduced an organized table arranging elements by atomic weight and chemical properties.
He left gaps for undiscovered elements, predicting their existence and characteristics with remarkable accuracy.
The periodic table provided a unifying framework for chemistry, guiding future discoveries and element research.
His work earned international recognition and became an essential tool for scientists worldwide.
The periodic law he formulated remains a cornerstone of modern chemical science and education.
1869
Dmitri Mendeleev
periodic table
1882day.year
The Serbian kingdom is re-founded.
On March 6, 1882, the Principality of Serbia was elevated to the Kingdom of Serbia, marking its recognition as a sovereign state under King Milan I.
On March 6, 1882, the Principality of Serbia was elevated to the Kingdom of Serbia under Prince Milan, who took the title King Milan I.
The proclamation followed the country's de facto independence confirmed by the Congress of Berlin in 1878.
Great Powers formally recognized the new kingdom, strengthening Serbia's international standing.
This transformation solidified Serbia's national consolidation and sovereignty in the Balkans.
The Kingdom of Serbia played a pivotal role in regional politics until its integration into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918.
1882
Serbian kingdom
1901day.year
Anarchist assassin tries to kill German Emperor Wilhelm II.
In 1901, an anarchist attempted to assassinate German Emperor Wilhelm II, highlighting the era's political unrest in Europe.
On March 6, 1901, an unidentified anarchist fired shots at Kaiser Wilhelm II, aiming to end the emperor's reign.
Although the attempt failed to cause injury, it exposed vulnerabilities in the German Empire's security.
The incident intensified debates over political violence and anarchist movements at the start of the 20th century.
German authorities tightened protection around the royal family and implemented stricter law enforcement measures.
Wilhelm II continued his rule, but the assassination attempt remained a stark reminder of domestic turmoil and radical ideologies.
1901
Wilhelm II