March 23

After Bolivia’s defeat in the War of the Pacific (1879–1884), the country lost its access to the Pacific Ocean. To remember this event and express a collective desire for sovereign sea access, Bolivia established Day of the Sea in 1902. Each year on March 23, official ceremonies are held in La Paz and other cities, featuring patriotic speeches, parades, and cultural performances. Schoolchildren participate in educational programs about the historical context. The day reinforces national identity and the ongoing diplomatic efforts to regain maritime rights. It remains one of Bolivia’s most significant civic observances.

On March 23, 1940, the All-India Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution calling for separate states for Muslims. Sixteen years later, on the same date in 1956, Pakistan adopted its first constitution and became the world’s first Islamic republic. The day is celebrated with a grand military parade in Islamabad featuring demonstrations by the air force, army and strategic forces. Ceremonies include flag-raising, national anthems and awards for national heroes. Educational institutions and civic groups hold cultural events, patriotic performances and exhibitions showcasing Pakistan’s history and achievements.