May 26

Robert Filmer was an English political theorist best known for his defense of the divine right of kings. Born in 1588, he served as a political pamphleteer during the tumultuous years of the English Civil War. His major work, 'Patriarcha,' argued that monarchs derive their authority directly from God. Filmer's ideas sparked fierce debate and were later critiqued by thinkers like John Locke. Though his theories fell out of favor, they played a significant role in the development of modern political philosophy. His writings remain a key reference for the study of royalist ideology in 17th-century England.

Born in 1714, Baumgarten introduced the term 'aesthetics' to denote the study of sensory perception in art. A professor at the University of Halle, he sought to establish aesthetics as a distinct philosophical discipline. His major work, 'Aesthetica', argued that beauty and taste could be systematically analyzed. Baumgarten influenced later thinkers such as Kant and Herder, shaping the course of modern philosophy. He emphasized the importance of sensory experience in human knowledge. Baumgarten passed away in 1762, leaving a lasting impact on the theory of art and perception.

Born in 1714 in Scotland, Burnett served as a judge on the Court of Session and held the title Lord Monboddo. He pursued studies in linguistics, exploring the origins and development of language. Burnett also speculated on the evolution of species decades before Darwin, suggesting a common descent of humans and apes. His work blended philosophy, natural history, and legal scholarship, challenging orthodox views of human nature. Burnett hosted learned discussions at his Monboddo estate, attracting leading intellectuals. He died in 1799, remembered for his interdisciplinary contributions and bold theories.

Born in 1889 in Messkirch, Germany, Heidegger studied theology and philosophy at the University of Freiburg. He wrote his seminal work Being and Time, published in 1927, considered a cornerstone of existential philosophy. He developed the concept of Dasein to explore the nature of human existence. Heidegger's ideas on authenticity, being-in-the-world, and technology have had lasting impact across disciplines. He served as rector of the University of Freiburg but faced controversy over his political affiliations. After World War II, he continued teaching and writing, producing influential essays on art and language. He died in 1976, leaving a complex legacy that continues to spark debate.