June 30

Established on June 30, 1632, the University of Tartu is one of Northern Europe's oldest universities.\nFounded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, it aimed to educate clergy and civil servants.\nEarly faculties covered theology, law, medicine, and philosophy.\nThe institution fostered intellectual exchange across the Baltic region.\nOver centuries, it became a center of Estonian national awakening and academic research.\nToday, Tartu University remains a leading Baltic institution, blending tradition with innovation.

On June 30, 1892, steelworkers at Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead Steel Works in Pennsylvania initiated a strike over wage cuts. The dispute escalated when company guards and state militia confronted striking workers. Violent clashes ensued, resulting in fatalities on both sides. The strike’s defeat weakened the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers and marked a setback for labor unions. It became a landmark event in America’s industrial relations history.

On June 30, 1963, a car bomb parked in the suburb of Ciaculli exploded, killing seven police and military personnel. The bomb was aimed at silencing rival Mafia figure Salvatore Greco but struck law enforcement instead. The tragedy shocked Italy and prompted the first nationwide crackdown on Cosa Nostra. Hundreds of arrests and the formation of special anti-mafia task forces followed. The Ciaculli bombing marked a turning point in public awareness of organized crime and led to major legal reforms. It remains one of the deadliest single attacks against police in Italian history.

On June 30, 1966, activist Betty Friedan and other leaders launched the National Organization for Women (NOW) in Washington, D.C. NOW aimed to secure equal rights and opportunities for women in employment, education, and politics. The organization became the driving force of the second-wave feminist movement in the United States. Early campaigns targeted workplace discrimination, reproductive rights, and gender stereotypes in media. Over the decades, NOW has grown to thousands of members, influencing legislation and public policy. Its founding represented a landmark moment in the struggle for gender equality.

The strike by employees affiliated with AFSCME Local 44 halted sanitation, transportation, and other key services, bringing Baltimore to a standstill. Workers demanded better wages, improved benefits, and formal collective bargaining rights from Mayor William Donald Schaefer’s administration. Tensions mounted as garbage piled up and public frustration grew. After intense negotiations mediated by federal officials, a temporary agreement was reached. The dispute highlighted the rising power of public-sector unions in 1970s America and set precedents for municipal labor relations.