July 04

Born in 1806 in Sweden, Snellman moved to Finland and became a professor of philosophy at the Imperial Alexander University. He founded the magazine 'Saima' to promote Finnish language and culture, sparking a literary and national renaissance. As a senator, he enacted economic and educational reforms to modernize Finnish society under Russian rule. His philosophical writings emphasized moral self-improvement and the role of language in nation-building. Snellman's ideas laid the intellectual groundwork for Finland's eventual independence. He died on July 4, 1881, and is celebrated as a father of Finnish nationalism.

Born in Vienna in 1881, Bauer studied law and philosophy at the University of Vienna. He emerged as one of the chief architects of Austro-Marxism, advocating cultural autonomy within multinational states. As a founding member and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Austria, he shaped policy during the republic's formative years. In 1918–1919, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs, forging alliances for the fledgling state. Following the rise of Nazism, Bauer went into exile in Paris, where he continued writing on socialist theory. He died in 1938, leaving a legacy as a pioneering political thinker.