1124day.year
The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.
After a nineteen-week siege, Crusader forces capture the strategic coastal city of Tyre, securing a vital foothold in the Levant.
In 1124, the city of Tyre, a key port in the eastern Mediterranean, surrendered to the Venetian-led Crusader army after enduring a prolonged siege. The Venetian Crusade, part of the larger Crusades movement, aimed to control important commercial hubs in the Holy Land. Tyre’s fall provided the Crusaders with a major naval base and trade center, bolstering their efforts in the region. The siege showcased the tactical prowess of the Venetian navy and the logistical challenges of medieval warfare. Its capture marked a turning point in the power dynamics between European crusaders and Muslim defenders, influencing subsequent campaigns along the Syrian coast.
1124
Tyre
Venetian Crusade
1456day.year
A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.
Twenty-five years after her execution, Joan of Arc is posthumously declared innocent of heresy.
In 1456, a papal commission convened by Pope Callixtus III retried Joan of Arc, overturning the charges of heresy that led to her 1431 execution. The retrial reexamined her original trial’s procedures, exposing political motivations behind her condemnation. By declaring her innocent, the Church restored Joan’s reputation and acknowledged her role in France’s victory during the Hundred Years’ War. This vindication strengthened Joan’s legacy as a national heroine and paved the way for her eventual canonization. The verdict also underscored the interplay between religious authority and royal politics in medieval Europe.
1456
retrial verdict
Joan of Arc
heresy
1520day.year
Spanish conquistadores defeat a larger Aztec army at the Battle of Otumba.
Outnumbered Spanish conquistadors rout the Aztec army at Otumba, securing their survival in hostile territory.
On July 7, 1520, a small contingent of Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés faced a much larger Aztec force near Otumba in central Mexico. Despite being outnumbered, the Spaniards leveraged cavalry charges and superior weaponry to break the Aztec lines. The decisive victory allowed the Spaniards to retreat from the fallen Tenochtitlan and regroup for their eventual conquest. The battle highlighted the impact of European military tactics and technology against indigenous armies. Otumba’s outcome preserved the Spanish expedition, setting the stage for further campaigns that would reshape the region’s political landscape.
1520
conquistadores
Aztec
Battle of Otumba
1534day.year
Jacques Cartier makes his first contact with aboriginal peoples in what is now Canada.
Explorer Jacques Cartier establishes initial relations with Indigenous communities on his voyage to North America.
During his first expedition to the New World in 1534, French navigator Jacques Cartier landed in what is today the Gaspé Peninsula of Canada. On July 7, he encountered members of the St. Lawrence Iroquoian people, exchanging gifts and attempting rudimentary communication. This meeting marked one of the earliest recorded contacts between Europeans and Indigenous inhabitants of eastern Canada. Cartier’s observations and maps opened the region to future exploration and French colonization. The encounter also initiated complex cultural exchanges that would have lasting impacts on Indigenous societies and European settlers alike.
1534
Jacques Cartier
first contact
aboriginal peoples in what is now Canada
1575day.year
The Raid of the Redeswire is the last major battle between England and Scotland.
The final significant armed clash between English and Scottish border forces unfolds at Redeswire.
On July 7, 1575, border wardens from England and Scotland met in combat at the Redeswire Pass in the Cheviot Hills. Disputes over cattle raids and cross-border law enforcement escalated into open fighting. Though neither side gained a decisive upper hand, Scottish forces managed to capture several English leaders before a truce was brokered. The Raid of the Redeswire is historically noted as the last major battle between the two kingdoms prior to the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Its outcome reflected the volatile nature of border politics in Tudor-era Britain and foreshadowed the eventual reconciliation of England and Scotland.
1575
Raid of the Redeswire
England
Scotland
1585day.year
The Treaty of Nemours abolishes tolerance to Protestants in France.
French royalty withdraws religious toleration, banning Protestant worship under the Treaty of Nemours.
In July 1585, King Henry III of France signed the Treaty of Nemours under the influence of the Catholic League led by the Guise family. The agreement revoked earlier edicts of toleration and declared Protestantism illegal, forcing Huguenots to practice their faith in secret or face persecution. This measure reignited the French Wars of Religion, pitting Catholic forces against Protestant nobles. The treaty deepened divisions within the French nobility and populace, prolonging decades of intermittent civil war. It also highlighted the intense struggle between royal authority and religious factions in late 16th-century France.
1585
Treaty of Nemours
Protestants
1667day.year
An English fleet completes the destruction of a French merchant fleet off Fort St Pierre, Martinique during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
An English naval squadron destroys a French merchant fleet off Martinique during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
In early July 1667, Sir John Harman led an English fleet to Martinique as part of the global conflicts of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Off Fort St Pierre, the English fleet engaged and demolished a French merchant convoy, sinking or capturing dozens of ships laden with valuable sugar and commodities. The operation dealt a severe blow to French colonial trade in the Caribbean and demonstrated England’s naval reach. This action helped secure English maritime dominance and economic advantage in the West Indies. The engagement also illustrated how European wars extended to colonial theaters, affecting imperial balances overseas.
1667
Fort St Pierre
Martinique
Second Anglo-Dutch War
1770day.year
The Battle of Larga between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire takes place.
Russian troops defeat Ottoman forces at the Battle of Larga, securing a key victory in the Russo-Turkish War.
On July 7, 1770, near the Larga River in present-day Moldova, Russian forces under Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev clashed with the Ottoman army. Employing disciplined infantry formations and artillery bombardment, the Russians broke Ottoman lines and forced a retreat. The victory at Larga, followed by the Battle of Kagul, paved the way for the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774. This treaty granted Russia significant territorial gains and influence over Ottoman vassal states. The battle showcased the modernization of the Russian military and signaled a shift in the balance of power in Eastern Europe.
1770
Battle of Larga
Russian Empire
Ottoman Empire
1777day.year
American forces retreating from Fort Ticonderoga are defeated in the Battle of Hubbardton.
Continental troops withdrawing from Fort Ticonderoga are overtaken and beaten at Hubbardton.
As American forces evacuated Fort Ticonderoga in July 1777, a rearguard under Colonel Seth Warner held off British pursuers at Hubbardton in Vermont. Despite fierce resistance, the Americans were eventually routed, suffering notable casualties and loss of supplies. Although a tactical defeat, the delaying action allowed the main American column to regroup and strengthen defenses around Saratoga. The engagement demonstrated the resilience of Colonial militia against professional British soldiers during the Revolutionary War. Hubbardton remains the only significant battle fought entirely on Vermont soil, commemorated today for its strategic importance.
1777
American
Fort Ticonderoga
Battle of Hubbardton
1798day.year
As a result of the XYZ Affair, the US Congress rescinds the Treaty of Alliance with France sparking the "Quasi-War".
Following diplomatic scandals, the US withdraws from France’s alliance, triggering the undeclared Quasi-War at sea.
In response to the XYZ Affair, where French agents demanded bribes for negotiations, the US Congress on July 7, 1798, formally annulled the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France. This action marked the breakdown of Franco-American relations and led to the Quasi-War, an undeclared naval conflict fought in the Caribbean and Atlantic. American frigates captured numerous French privateers, protecting American merchant shipping. The episode tested the young republic’s diplomatic and military resolve and shaped the future of US foreign policy. Eventually, the Convention of 1800 ended hostilities, but the Quasi-War established a precedent for America’s naval independence.
1798
XYZ Affair
US Congress
Treaty of Alliance
Quasi-War
1807day.year
The first Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia is signed, ending hostilities between the two countries in the War of the Fourth Coalition.
The first Treaty of Tilsit, signed by France and Russia on July 7, 1807, ends their hostilities in the War of the Fourth Coalition.
The Treaty of Tilsit was signed on July 7, 1807, between Emperor Napoleon I of France and Tsar Alexander I of Russia. It marked the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition and established a temporary alliance between the two powers. The agreement included provisions for mutual defense and the implementation of the Continental System against Britain. Prussia was forced to cede significant territories as part of the settlement. The treaty reshaped the balance of power in Europe and influenced diplomatic relations for years to come.
1807
Treaty of Tilsit
War of the Fourth Coalition
1834day.year
In New York City, four nights of rioting against abolitionists began.
A four-night riot erupts in New York City targeting abolitionists, reflecting deep national tensions over slavery in 1834.
On July 7, 1834, New York City experienced a violent four-night riot against abolitionists and African American communities. The unrest was fueled by anti-abolitionist sentiment and fear of social change. Mobs attacked homes, churches, and businesses, leading to injuries and significant property damage. The riots underscored the divisive nature of the slavery debate in the northern states. Authorities eventually restored order, but the event highlighted the deep-seated racial and political conflicts brewing in the lead-up to the American Civil War.
1834
four nights of rioting
abolitionists