July 10

Born in 1419 and enthroned at age nine after the death of his predecessor. His reign saw significant court factionalism and the Ōnin War. He served as a figurehead under the Ashikaga shogunate. Abdicated in favor of his son in 1464 after a 36-year reign. Retired emperor status allowed him to influence court affairs until his death in 1471. His era names included Eikyō, Kakitsu, Bun'an, and Ōnin, marking turbulent times.

Born in 1451 and crowned king at age eight after his father's death. He fostered Renaissance culture through architecture and court arts. Pursued administrative reforms to strengthen royal authority. Faced constant rebellion from powerful Scottish nobles and distrust at court. Defeated and killed by insurgent lords at the Battle of Sauchieburn in 1488. He was succeeded by his son, James IV, ushering in a new era for Scotland.

Born in 1501 into a yangban family of the Joseon dynasty. Excelled in Confucian studies and passed the civil service examinations. Served as a government official, educator, and mentor to future scholars. Authored influential texts on ethics, statecraft, and poetry. Advocated for practical learning and social reforms to benefit commoners. His poetic collections combined emotional depth with moral instruction. His legacy shaped Neo-Confucian thought in Korea for centuries.

Born in 1509 in Noyon, France; initially trained in law and humanities. Converted to Protestantism and settled in Geneva as a reformer. Wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion, a foundational work of Reformed theology. Emphasized doctrines of predestination, divine sovereignty, and moral discipline. Established Geneva as a model Protestant republic with strict church governance. His correspondence and debates influenced Reformed churches across Europe. Died in 1564, leaving a lasting impact on Protestant thought and practice.

Born in 1515 into a noble Castilian family. Appointed Viceroy of Peru in 1569 by King Philip II. Implemented comprehensive reforms in colonial governance and justice. Regulated the encomienda system and protected indigenous communities from abuses. Established the Real Audiencia of Lima as the highest colonial court. Promoted silver mining and agricultural development to boost royal revenues. Strengthened coastal defenses and quashed local revolts. Died in 1582, remembered as one of Spain's most effective colonial administrators.

Born in 1517 into the influential Coligny family. Appointed cardinal at a young age under King Francis I. Embraced Protestantism and renounced his Catholic vows, marrying in 1563. Was excommunicated and stripped of his cardinalate by Church authorities. Played a diplomatic role during the French Wars of Religion on behalf of Huguenots. Spent his final years in exile after the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Died in 1571, his life reflecting the turmoil of religious reform and conflict.

Born in 1533 in Verona, Italy; entered the Society of Jesus in 1558. Served as papal nuncio to Poland, Muscovy, and Sweden. Negotiated the Peace of Jam Zapolski between Poland and Russia in 1582. Worked to implement the Council of Trent's reforms in Eastern Europe. Advised monarchs and church leaders on religious and political affairs. Authored scholarly works on theology, history, and travel observations. His diplomacy bolstered Catholic influence during the Counter-Reformation. Died in 1611, leaving a legacy of Jesuit scholarship and international negotiation.

Born in 1592 in Saint-Martin-de-Laye, France. Appointed genealogist to Louis XIII and later Louis XIV. Compiled exhaustive pedigrees of French nobility in multi-volume works. Authored 'Recueil des familles et maison de France' (Collection of French families). Provided crucial evidence in legal disputes over inheritance and peerage. His meticulous methods set a standard for genealogical research. Maintained archives still used by historians and genealogists today. Died in 1660, leaving an enduring legacy in historical scholarship.

Born in 1614 into an Anglo-Irish noble family. Supported Parliament during the English Civil War and the Commonwealth. Served as Secretary for Irish Affairs under Oliver Cromwell. After the Restoration, appointed Lord Privy Seal and Treasurer of the Navy. Created Earl of Anglesey in 1661 by King Charles II. Advocated for Irish interests at the English court and in Parliament. Known for his adaptability and administrative acumen across regimes. Died in 1686, remembered as a skilled diplomat and politician.

Born in 1625 in France and entered the service of Nicolas Fouquet. Managed Fouquet's finances and conducted clandestine negotiations. Amassed personal wealth through commercial speculations and loans. Embarked on diplomatic missions for the French crown and adventurous travels. Witnessed and influenced events of the Fronde and early Louis XIV's reign. Arrested and imprisoned briefly after Fouquet's downfall in 1661. Later wrote memoirs detailing court intrigues and financial schemes. Died in 1703, leaving a colorful legacy of adventure and finance.

Born into the renowned Teniers family of artists, David Teniers III followed in his father’s footsteps as a distinguished Baroque painter. He specialized in lively peasant scenes, allegories, and pastoral landscapes, capturing the vibrancy of 17th-century Flemish life. Teniers trained under his father David Teniers the Younger and contributed to court and church commissions. His works are celebrated for their rich color palette, dynamic compositions, and attention to everyday details. Although overshadowed by his father’s fame, Teniers III developed a unique style that influenced later genre painters. His paintings remain in major museums and private collections across Europe.

John Ernest Grabe was a prominent German theologian and scholar who converted to Anglicanism. Educated at the University of Leipzig, he dedicated his career to the study of patristics and early Christian history. Grabe produced critical editions of the works of Church Fathers, including Eusebius and Clement of Alexandria, laying the groundwork for modern biblical scholarship. Living in London, he became a respected academic, consulted by bishops and scholars on theological matters. Grabe’s meticulous textual criticism and deep knowledge of ancient manuscripts earned him a lasting reputation. His contributions influenced the development of Anglican theology and historical studies of early Christianity.