70day.year
The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
Roman forces under Titus ended a six-month siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD, breaching its walls and destroying the Second Temple.
The Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD was a crucial moment in the First Jewish–Roman War.
General Titus led Roman legions to encircle and blockade the city after months of unrest.
After a relentless six-month blockade, they shattered the defenses and entered Jerusalem three days later.
The destruction of the Second Temple not only crushed the Jewish revolt but also led to a profound diaspora.
Archaeological and historical accounts highlight the intense urban combat and humanitarian toll of the siege.
This event remains a powerful symbol of conflict, resilience, and the reshaping of ancient societies.
70
Titus
Jerusalem
a six-month siege
breach the walls
destroy
Second Temple
927day.year
King Constantine II of Scotland, King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Ealdred of Bamburgh and King Owain of the Cumbrians accepted the overlordship of King Æthelstan of England, leading to seven years of peace in the north.
In 927, four northern British rulers recognized Æthelstan of England as their overlord, ushering in seven years of peace across the region.
In 927 AD, King Æthelstan of England secured the allegiance of Constantine II of Scotland, Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Ealdred of Bamburgh, and Owain of the Cumbrians.
This diplomatic achievement marked the first recorded instance of a single ruler exerting overlordship over the northern kingdoms.
The agreement followed negotiations and recognition ceremonies that solidified Æthelstan’s influence beyond traditional Anglo-Saxon territories.
As a result, a remarkable period of peace and stability lasted for the next seven years, fostering cultural and economic exchange.
Chroniclers of the era praised Æthelstan’s leadership and viewed this union of crowns as a milestone in the formation of a unified Britain.
927
Constantine II of Scotland
Hywel Dda
Deheubarth
Ealdred of Bamburgh
King Owain of the Cumbrians
Æthelstan
1191day.year
Third Crusade: Saladin's garrison surrenders to Philip Augustus, ending the two-year siege of Acre.
During the Third Crusade in 1191, Philip II of France compelled Saladin’s garrison at Acre to surrender, ending a grueling two-year siege.
The Siege of Acre (1189–1191) was a pivotal engagement of the Third Crusade.
By July 1191, combined forces of King Philip II of France and King Richard I of England had tightened their blockade around the city.
After enduring prolonged starvation and casualties, Saladin’s defenders negotiated terms of surrender with Philip Augustus.
The fall of Acre provided the Crusaders with a crucial port and bolstered morale for further campaigns in the Holy Land.
The event is remembered for its strategic importance and the early display of cross-kingdom cooperation against a common foe.
1191
Third Crusade
Saladin
Philip Augustus
siege of Acre
1335day.year
Pope Benedict XII issues the papal bull Fulgens sicut stella matutina to reform the Cistercian Order.
In 1335, Pope Benedict XII issued the papal bull Fulgens sicut stella matutina to reorganize and strengthen the Cistercian Order.
Pope Benedict XII issued Fulgens sicut stella matutina in July 1335 to address corruption within the Cistercian monasteries.
The bull reaffirmed strict observance of the Rule of Saint Benedict, emphasizing poverty, manual labor, and liturgical devotion.
It called for the visitation of abbeys, disciplinary reforms, and the suppression of unauthorized abuses of monastic privileges.
This decree aimed to restore spiritual rigor and unity among Cistercian communities across Europe.
Historians view the bull as a landmark in Church-led monastic reform, reflecting broader 14th-century concerns about clerical discipline.
1335
Benedict XII
Fulgens sicut stella matutina
Cistercian Order
1470day.year
The Ottomans capture Euboea.
In 1470, Ottoman forces seized control of the island of Euboea, consolidating their power in the Aegean region.
During the reign of Sultan Mehmed II, Ottoman expansion in the eastern Mediterranean intensified.
The strategic island of Euboea was a prized naval and commercial hub under Venetian and local Greek rule.
In July 1470, Ottoman troops launched an amphibious assault, overwhelming scattered defenders.
The capture secured Ottoman dominance of sea routes and weakened the Venetian maritime network.
This victory paved the way for further Ottoman advances into mainland Greece and the Balkans.
1470
Ottomans
capture Euboea
1488day.year
Joseon Dynasty official Choe Bu returned to Korea after months of shipwrecked travel in China.
In 1488, Korean envoy Choe Bu survived shipwreck and perilous travels in China, ultimately returning home to Joseon.
Choe Bu was dispatched by the Joseon court as an envoy to the Ming dynasty but encountered a typhoon at sea.
His shipwreck on a remote stretch of the Chinese coast led him through a series of local jurisdictions and hardships.
Over months of journeying, he observed Chinese agriculture, commerce, and folk customs in unprecedented detail.
Upon his safe return in July 1488, Choe Bu compiled a travelogue that offered one of the earliest Korean accounts of Ming society.
His writings enriched Joseon knowledge of foreign lands and influenced diplomatic and cultural exchanges between Korea and China.
1488
Joseon Dynasty
Choe Bu
1493day.year
Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle, one of the best-documented early printed books, is published.
The 1493 publication of Hartmann Schedel’s Nuremberg Chronicle marked a landmark in early printed and illustrated books.
Compiled by humanist Hartmann Schedel and printed in Nuremberg, the Chronicle offered a comprehensive world history.
It featured over 1,800 woodcut illustrations, maps, and city views that showcased Renaissance artistry.
As one of the earliest extensively illustrated print works, it demonstrated the potential of movable type for mass dissemination.
The book’s blend of classical and contemporary sources appealed to scholars, clergy, and the emerging mercantile class.
Today, surviving copies are prized for their historical value and the Chronicle’s contribution to the visual culture of the 15th century.
1493
Hartmann Schedel
Nuremberg Chronicle
1527day.year
Lê Cung Hoàng ceded the throne to Mạc Đăng Dung, ending the Lê dynasty and starting the Mạc dynasty.
In 1527, Emperor Lê Cung Hoàng abdicated in favor of Mạc Đăng Dung, marking the fall of the Lê dynasty and rise of the Mạc dynasty in Vietnam.
Lê Cung Hoàng was the last ruler of the Later Lê dynasty, which had governed Vietnam since 1428.
Faced with internal unrest and military pressure, he transferred power to his general Mạc Đăng Dung.
Mạc Đăng Dung established the Mạc dynasty, inaugurating a new era of centralized rule.
This dynastic transition sparked civil conflict as loyalists of the Lê royal house resisted Mạc authority.
The episode exemplifies the turbulent political landscape of 16th-century Southeast Asia and the fragility of monarchical legitimacy.
1527
Lê Cung Hoàng
Mạc Đăng Dung
Lê dynasty
Mạc dynasty
1543day.year
King Henry VIII of England marries his sixth and last wife, Catherine Parr, at Hampton Court Palace.
In 1543, King Henry VIII married his sixth and final wife, Lady Catherine Parr, at Hampton Court Palace, sealing a union that outlasted him.
Catherine Parr became queen consort of England through marriage to the notoriously tumultuous Henry VIII.
Their wedding at Hampton Court Palace on July 12, 1543, marked the king’s final marital alliance.
Catherine’s intelligence and piety allowed her to reconcile Henry with his daughters Mary and Elizabeth.
She acted as regent during the king’s military campaign in France, demonstrating political acumen.
Following Henry’s death, Parr married Thomas Seymour, continuing her influential role in Tudor court life.
1543
Henry VIII of England
Catherine Parr
Hampton Court Palace
1562day.year
Fray Diego de Landa, acting Bishop of Yucatán, burns the sacred idols and books of the Maya.
In 1562, Bishop Diego de Landa orchestrated the destruction of Maya sacred texts and idols in Yucatán, erasing invaluable cultural heritage.
Fray Diego de Landa led a brutal campaign against indigenous religious practices, deeming them heretical.
He ordered the mass burning of Maya codices and ritual objects in the plaza of Maní, Yucatán.
This event resulted in the loss of countless pre-Columbian manuscripts, severely limiting understanding of Maya civilization.
De Landa later documented Maya language and customs, producing a controversial legacy of both destruction and preservation.
Scholars regard the 1562 auto-da-fé as a dark chapter in colonial encounters, highlighting tensions between conquest and culture.
1562
Diego de Landa
Bishop of Yucatán
Maya
1576day.year
Mughal Empire annexes Bengal after defeating the Bengal Sultanate at the Battle of Rajmahal.
In 1576, the Mughal Empire secured a decisive victory at the Battle of Rajmahal, leading to the annexation of Bengal.
The Battle of Rajmahal was fought in 1576 between the Mughal forces under Emperor Akbar and the Bengal Sultanate.
After defeating Sultan Daud Khan Karrani, the Mughals annexed the rich province of Bengal, extending their empire eastwards.
Bengal’s fertile lands, thriving trade routes, and strategic ports contributed significantly to the Mughal economy.
The conquest introduced the imperial administration and revenue systems to Bengal, integrating it into Mughal governance.
Over time, Bengal emerged as one of the wealthiest regions, fostering cultural and artistic developments under Mughal patronage.
1576
Mughal Empire
Bengal
Bengal Sultanate
Battle of Rajmahal
1580day.year
The Ostrog Bible, one of the early printed Bibles in a Slavic language, is published.
The Ostrog Bible, a milestone in Slavic printing, was published in 1580 in Ostroh under Prince Ostrogski's patronage.
In 1580, the Ostrog Bible—the first complete printed edition of the Scriptures in Church Slavonic—was released in Ostroh (modern Ukraine).
Ivan Fyodorov and Pyotr Mstislavets led the printing efforts under the patronage of Prince Konstantin Ostrogski.
This monumental work standardized the Slavic liturgical text and enhanced literacy among Eastern Orthodox communities.
Its elegant typography and careful translation set a high standard for future Slavic publications.
The Ostrog Bible played a crucial role in preserving Orthodox traditions and shaping Slavic cultural identity.
1580
Ostrog Bible
Bibles
Slavic language