1174day.year
William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173–74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.
In 1174, William I of Scotland, a leader in the Revolt of 1173–74, was captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.
William I of Scotland, also known as William the Lion, was a central figure in the 1173–74 revolt against King Henry II of England.
He led incursions into northern England, hoping to assert Scottish independence.
On July 13, 1174, William launched a surprise attack on Alnwick Castle but was ambushed and taken prisoner.
His capture forced the Scots to negotiate terms, leading to the Treaty of Falaise, which humbled Scotland under English overlordship.
This event marked a significant setback for Scottish autonomy and shaped Anglo-Scottish relations for decades.
1174
William I of Scotland
rebel
Revolt of 1173–74
Alnwick
Henry II of England
1260day.year
The Livonian Order suffers its greatest defeat in the 13th century in the Battle of Durbe against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
In 1260, the Livonian Order suffered its greatest defeat at the Battle of Durbe against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
During the Baltic Crusades, the Livonian Order was a key military and religious force in the region.
On July 13, 1260, their knights engaged a Lithuanian army near Durbe in present-day Latvia.
The Lithuanians, supported by local Samogitians, employed superior tactics and terrain knowledge.
Massive casualties and the death of high-ranking knights dealt a crippling blow to the Order.
This defeat fueled further resistance against the crusaders and weakened German influence in the eastern Baltic.
1260
Livonian Order
Battle of Durbe
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1402day.year
Nanjing surrenders to Zhu Di without a fight, ending the Jingnan campaign. The Jianwen Emperor disappears and his family is incarcerated.
In 1402, Zhu Di captured the Ming capital Nanjing without a fight, ending his brother’s reign in the Jingnan campaign.
The Jingnan campaign was a civil war between Emperor Jianwen and his uncle Zhu Di, Prince of Yan.
After months of skirmishes, Zhu Di’s forces reached Nanjing and demanded surrender.
On July 13, 1402, the capital yielded without resistance, and the Jianwen Emperor disappeared.
Zhu Di then proclaimed himself the Yongle Emperor, initiating one of the most prosperous eras of the Ming dynasty.
This power shift relocated the capital to Beijing and reshaped China’s political landscape.
1402
Nanjing
Zhu Di
Jingnan campaign
Jianwen Emperor
1558day.year
Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul de Thermes at Gravelines.
Spanish troops under Count Egmont defeated the French at the Battle of Gravelines in 1558.
Amid the Italian Wars, control of the Spanish Netherlands was fiercely contested.
On July 13, 1558, Count Lamoral of Egmont led Spanish forces against Marshal Paul de Thermes’ French army at Gravelines.
Egmont’s disciplined infantry and cavalry outmaneuvered the French on the field.
The victory protected key supply routes along the coast and boosted Spanish morale.
The battle foreshadowed the eventual Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, which temporarily halted hostilities.
1558
Battle of Gravelines
Lamoral of Egmont
Paul de Thermes
Gravelines
1573day.year
Eighty Years' War: The Siege of Haarlem ends after seven months.
The seven-month Siege of Haarlem ended with a Spanish victory during the Eighty Years’ War in 1573.
Haarlem, a prosperous Dutch city, resisted Spanish rule in the Eighty Years’ War.
From December 1572, its citizens and soldiers withstood repeated assaults and harsh conditions.
By July 13, 1573, hunger and disease forced Haarlem to capitulate to the Duke of Alva’s forces.
Spanish victors imposed brutal penalties, executing or exiling many defenders.
The siege’s legacy inspired Dutch resolve and highlighted the high cost of resistance.
1573
Eighty Years' War
Siege of Haarlem
1586day.year
Anglo–Spanish War: A convoy of English ships from the Levant Company manage to repel a fleet of eleven Spanish and Maltese galleys off the Mediterranean island of Pantelleria.
In 1586, English Levant Company ships repelled eleven Spanish and Maltese galleys off Pantelleria.
The Levant Company was England’s pioneering trading venture in the Mediterranean.
On July 13, 1586, its merchant convoy near Pantelleria encountered a Spanish-Maltese galley squadron.
Despite being outgunned and designed for cargo, the English ships defended themselves fiercely.
Their successful reprisal demonstrated emerging English naval confidence against established powers.
This action foreshadowed England’s naval ascendancy leading up to the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
1586
Anglo–Spanish War
Levant Company
repel a fleet
Maltese
Pantelleria
1643day.year
English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down: In England, Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, heavily defeats the Parliamentarian forces led by Sir William Waller.
Royalists under Henry Wilmot crushed Parliamentarian forces at the Battle of Roundway Down in 1643.
During the First English Civil War, control of the West Country was hotly contested.
On July 13, 1643, Royalist cavalry led by Henry Wilmot confronted Sir William Waller’s Parliamentarians near Devizes.
A swift charge routed Waller’s men, resulting in heavy casualties and prisoners.
This decisive victory secured the region for King Charles I and boosted Royalist morale.
Roundway Down remains noted for showcasing the Royalist cavalry’s effectiveness.
1643
English Civil War
Battle of Roundway Down
Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester
Royalist
Parliamentarian
William Waller
1690day.year
Nine Years' War: French naval forces led by Anne Hilarion de Tourville fresh from their victory at Beachy Head sail West and launch a raid on the small English town of Teignmouth leaving it devastated.
French naval forces under Tourville raided and devastated Teignmouth in 1690 during the Nine Years' War.
Fresh from winning the Battle of Beachy Head, Admiral Tourville turned his fleet toward England’s southern coast.
On July 13, 1690, French galleys entered the River Teign and attacked the town of Teignmouth.
Fires raged as buildings were looted and burned, leaving the town in ruins.
The raid exposed England’s coastal vulnerabilities and caused widespread fear.
Local defenses were later strengthened to prevent similar attacks.
1690
Nine Years' War
Anne Hilarion de Tourville
victory at Beachy Head
launch a raid
1794day.year
The Battle of Trippstadt between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria begins.
In July 1794, French revolutionary armies engaged Allied Prussian and Austrian troops at Trippstadt in a significant campaign of the War of the First Coalition.
The Battle of Trippstadt was fought between French Revolutionary forces and a coalition of Prussian and Austrian troops. It marked a key phase in the French push to secure its eastern frontier. The French aimed to defend their territory against advancing Allied armies. Prussian and Austrian commanders sought to roll back French gains in the Rhineland. Fierce combat occurred around the village of Trippstadt and nearby heights. The outcome boosted French morale and contributed to shifting momentum in the Coalition Wars. This engagement exemplified the broader struggle for power in late 18th century Europe.
1794
Battle of Trippstadt
Prussia
1849day.year
The Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion began in Charleston, South Carolina, United States.
In 1849, enslaved workers at the Charleston Workhouse in South Carolina staged a rare and daring rebellion against harsh conditions.
Enslaved men and women held at the Charleston Workhouse seized tools and weapons to challenge their overseers. The uprising began as a response to brutal labor practices and systemic abuse. Rebel leaders sought to draw attention to the injustices faced by enslaved people in urban settings. White militia and federal troops quickly suppressed the revolt, resulting in arrests and harsh reprisals. Despite its brief duration, the rebellion highlighted the growing tensions over slavery in antebellum America. The event left a lasting mark on the struggle for freedom and dignity among the enslaved population.
1849
Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion
Charleston, South Carolina
1854day.year
In the Battle of Guaymas, Mexico, General José María Yáñez stops the French invasion led by Count Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon.
At the Battle of Guaymas in 1854, Mexican forces under General José María Yáñez repelled a French incursion led by Count Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon.
Count de Raousset-Boulbon attempted to establish a French-backed colony in Sonora but faced stiff resistance from Mexican defenders. General Yáñez organized an effective defense that utilized local knowledge and guerrilla tactics. The Mexican victory at Guaymas thwarted the French adventurer’s ambitions in the region. It bolstered national pride and demonstrated Mexico’s resolve against foreign intervention. The clash became a celebrated episode in Mexico’s mid-19th century history. General Yáñez emerged as a national hero for his leadership and courage.
1854
José María Yáñez
Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon
1863day.year
American Civil War: The New York City draft riots begin three days of rioting which will later be regarded as the worst in United States history.
The 1863 New York City draft riots exploded into deadly violence, becoming the bloodiest civil disturbance in U.S. history.
Anger over the Union draft and economic inequality fueled clashes in Manhattan’s streets. Predominantly working-class and immigrant groups targeted federal offices and African American communities. Rioters looted businesses, set fires, and attacked citizens, leaving scores dead and wounded. The New York militia and federal troops were eventually deployed to restore order. The riots revealed deep social divisions in a nation at war with itself. It remains the largest civil disturbance in American history, highlighting challenges of democracy under stress.
1863
American Civil War
New York City draft riots