1364day.year
Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.
In 1364, Pisa and Florence armies met at the Battle of Cascina in Tuscany.
A significant medieval Italian conflict.
The Battle of Cascina was fought between the Republics of Pisa and Florence near the Tuscan town of Cascina.
It exemplified the intense rivalry between these medieval city-states during the 14th century.
While details of the outcome are sparse, Florentine forces claimed to repel the Pisan advance.
The event later inspired a renowned battle scene sketch by Michelangelo in the early 16th century.
Today, the battle remains a symbol of the era's shifting alliances and military strategies in Italy.
1364
Republic of Pisa
Republic of Florence
Battle of Cascina
1540day.year
Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard.
On July 28, 1540, King Henry VIII of England married Catherine Howard, his fifth wife.
The wedding was marked by elaborate courtly ceremonies.
On July 28, 1540, King Henry VIII of England married Catherine Howard, his fifth wife.
The wedding at Hampton Court Palace featured elaborate ceremonies and grand festivities.
Catherine, a teenage niece of the Duke of Norfolk, brought renewed hope for a male heir.
Her youth and charm captivated the English court, but her tenure as queen was tragically short-lived.
Less than two years later, Catherine was executed for alleged infidelity, ending her brief queenship.
1540
Henry VIII of England
Catherine Howard
1571day.year
La Laguna encomienda, known today as the Laguna province in the Philippines, is founded by the Spaniards as one of the oldest encomiendas (provinces) in the country.
In 1571, Spanish colonizers founded the La Laguna encomienda, known today as Laguna province in the Philippines.
It became one of the country's oldest colonial provinces.
In 1571, Spanish colonizers founded the La Laguna encomienda, now Laguna province in the Philippines.
This grant allowed colonists to collect tributes and oversee indigenous labor under the encomienda system.
As one of the oldest colonial provinces, it became a key center for Spanish administration and economic activity.
The establishment influenced settlement patterns and the introduction of Christianity in the region.
Laguna's origins under the encomienda system laid the foundations for its modern cultural and political identity.
1571
encomienda
Laguna
Philippines
1635day.year
In the Eighty Years' War, the Spanish capture the strategic Dutch fortress of Schenkenschans.
In 1635, Spanish forces seized the strategic Dutch fortress of Schenkenschans during the Eighty Years' War.
The loss disrupted Dutch defenses along the Rhine.
On July 28, 1635, Spanish troops captured Schenkenschans, a vital fortress at the Rhine's bend.
The stronghold had guarded the approach to the Dutch heartland, making its fall a major blow.
Its surprise assault demonstrated Spanish military prowess in the protracted struggle for Dutch independence.
Control of Schenkenschans shifted the balance of power and influenced subsequent sieges in the region.
Today, its remains symbolize the intense conflicts of the Eighty Years' War and its impact on the Netherlands.
1635
Eighty Years' War
Schenkenschans
1656day.year
Second Northern War: Battle of Warsaw begins.
The Battle of Warsaw began in 1656 as part of the Second Northern War.
Swedish and Brandenburg forces clashed with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
On July 28, 1656, the Battle of Warsaw erupted between Sweden and its Brandenburg allies against Polish-Lithuanian forces.
The multi-day engagement saw coordinated infantry and cavalry maneuvers across Warsaw's suburbs.
Despite fierce resistance, the Polish-Lithuanian army struggled against the disciplined Swedish infantry and artillery.
The battle ended with a strategic Swedish-Brandenburg victory, altering the course of the Second Northern War.
Its outcome paved the way for subsequent treaties that reshaped power dynamics in Central and Eastern Europe.
1656
Second Northern War
Battle of Warsaw
1778day.year
Constitution of the province of Cantabria ratified at the Assembly Hall in Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain.
The provincial constitution of Cantabria was ratified in 1778 at Bárcena la Puente, Spain.
This charter established local governance structures in the region.
On July 28, 1778, the Assembly Hall in Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain ratified the constitution of the province of Cantabria.
This foundational charter defined Cantabria's local institutions, legal framework, and administrative boundaries.
It represented Enlightenment-era reforms aimed at standardizing governance across Spanish territories.
The ratification granted Cantabria greater autonomy in managing fiscal and judicial matters.
Its legacy endures in the region's modern political identity and administrative traditions.
1778
province of Cantabria
Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain
1794day.year
French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France.
Revolutionary leaders Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just were guillotined in Paris in 1794.
Their executions marked the end of the Reign of Terror.
On July 28, 1794, key figures of the French Revolution, Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, were executed by guillotine in Paris.
Both men had dominated the Committee of Public Safety and orchestrated policies during the Reign of Terror.
Their fall signaled a dramatic reversal of revolutionary zeal, as moderates sought to curb extreme measures.
The executions paved the way for the Thermidorian Reaction and a more conservative phase of the Revolution.
Robespierre's downfall has since symbolized the dangers of absolute power and ideological extremism.
1794
French Revolution
Maximilien Robespierre
Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
guillotine
Paris, France
1808day.year
Mahmud II became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.
Mahmud II ascended to the Ottoman throne and became Caliph of Islam in 1808.
His reign initiated major modernizing reforms.
On July 28, 1808, Mahmud II was proclaimed Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.
His accession followed a palace revolt that deposed his predecessor, Selim III.
Mahmud II would later implement sweeping reforms to modernize the military and central administration.
These changes aimed to strengthen the empire in the face of European encroachment and internal decline.
His reign marked the beginning of the Tanzimat era and reshaped Ottoman governance in the 19th century.
1808
Mahmud II
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Caliph of Islam
1809day.year
Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte.
British, Portuguese, and Spanish forces under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeated Joseph Bonaparte's army at the Battle of Talavera in 1809.
It was a pivotal engagement in the Peninsular War.
On July 28, 1809, the allied British, Portuguese, and Spanish army commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley clashed with French forces led by Joseph Bonaparte at Talavera.
The fierce battle saw Wellington's troops withstand heavy artillery and cavalry charges on the rugged Spanish terrain.
Despite high casualties, the Allied forces secured a tactical victory that bolstered British prestige in the Peninsular campaign.
The engagement highlighted Wellesley's tactical skill and helped earn him the title of Viscount Wellington.
Talavera remains celebrated for its role in weakening French control over Spain and inspiring Allied resistance.
1809
Peninsular War
Battle of Talavera
Arthur Wellesley
Joseph Bonaparte
1821day.year
José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.
On July 28, 1821, José de San Martín declared Peru's independence from Spain.
This act initiated the creation of the Republic of Peru.
José de San Martín, Argentine liberator, officially declared Peru independent from Spain on July 28, 1821.
His proclamation in Lima ended nearly three centuries of Spanish colonial domination.
San Martín's naval blockade and military campaign had paved the way for this historic moment.
He assumed the title of Protector of Peru, establishing provisional government institutions.
Peru's declaration contributed significantly to the wave of independence movements across Latin America.
1821
José de San Martín
Peru
1854day.year
USS Constellation (1854), the last all-sail warship built by the United States Navy and now a museum ship in Baltimore Harbor, is commissioned.
The USS Constellation, the last all-sail warship built by the United States Navy, was officially commissioned and later became a museum ship in Baltimore Harbor.
On July 28, 1854, USS Constellation was commissioned as the final all-sail warship constructed by the United States Navy. Built at the Gosport Navy Yard in Virginia, she represented the pinnacle of naval sailing technology before the advent of steam power. Throughout her active service, Constellation patrolled the Mediterranean Sea, protecting American interests abroad. After decommissioning, she was restored and opened to the public as a museum ship in Baltimore Harbor, Maryland. Today, she remains a rare and beautifully preserved example of mid-19th century naval craftsmanship and serves as an educational landmark.
1854
USS Constellation (1854)
United States Navy
Baltimore Harbor
1864day.year
American Civil War: Battle of Ezra Church: Confederate troops make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces from Atlanta, Georgia.
During the American Civil War, Confederate forces launched a third failed assault at the Battle of Ezra Church and were unable to drive Union troops from Atlanta.
On July 28, 1864, Confederate General John Bell Hood ordered his troops to attack Union forces under Major General Oliver O. Howard at Ezra Church, part of the Atlanta Campaign. The Confederates aimed to break Sherman's siege by striking the Union left flank, but well-entrenched rifle pits and artillery repelled three waves of attacks. Despite fierce combat and heavy casualties on both sides, Union lines held firm. The battle depleted Hood's forces and failed to relieve Atlanta, contributing to the city's eventual fall. This engagement highlighted the effectiveness of Union defensive tactics and underscored the strategic importance of Atlanta in the Civil War.
1864
American Civil War
Battle of Ezra Church
Confederate
Union
Atlanta, Georgia