1540day.year
Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard.
On July 28, 1540, King Henry VIII of England married Catherine Howard, his fifth wife.
The wedding was marked by elaborate courtly ceremonies.
On July 28, 1540, King Henry VIII of England married Catherine Howard, his fifth wife.
The wedding at Hampton Court Palace featured elaborate ceremonies and grand festivities.
Catherine, a teenage niece of the Duke of Norfolk, brought renewed hope for a male heir.
Her youth and charm captivated the English court, but her tenure as queen was tragically short-lived.
Less than two years later, Catherine was executed for alleged infidelity, ending her brief queenship.
1540
Henry VIII of England
Catherine Howard
1571day.year
La Laguna encomienda, known today as the Laguna province in the Philippines, is founded by the Spaniards as one of the oldest encomiendas (provinces) in the country.
In 1571, Spanish colonizers founded the La Laguna encomienda, known today as Laguna province in the Philippines.
It became one of the country's oldest colonial provinces.
In 1571, Spanish colonizers founded the La Laguna encomienda, now Laguna province in the Philippines.
This grant allowed colonists to collect tributes and oversee indigenous labor under the encomienda system.
As one of the oldest colonial provinces, it became a key center for Spanish administration and economic activity.
The establishment influenced settlement patterns and the introduction of Christianity in the region.
Laguna's origins under the encomienda system laid the foundations for its modern cultural and political identity.
1571
encomienda
Laguna
Philippines
1778day.year
Constitution of the province of Cantabria ratified at the Assembly Hall in Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain.
The provincial constitution of Cantabria was ratified in 1778 at Bárcena la Puente, Spain.
This charter established local governance structures in the region.
On July 28, 1778, the Assembly Hall in Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain ratified the constitution of the province of Cantabria.
This foundational charter defined Cantabria's local institutions, legal framework, and administrative boundaries.
It represented Enlightenment-era reforms aimed at standardizing governance across Spanish territories.
The ratification granted Cantabria greater autonomy in managing fiscal and judicial matters.
Its legacy endures in the region's modern political identity and administrative traditions.
1778
province of Cantabria
Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain
1794day.year
French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France.
Revolutionary leaders Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just were guillotined in Paris in 1794.
Their executions marked the end of the Reign of Terror.
On July 28, 1794, key figures of the French Revolution, Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, were executed by guillotine in Paris.
Both men had dominated the Committee of Public Safety and orchestrated policies during the Reign of Terror.
Their fall signaled a dramatic reversal of revolutionary zeal, as moderates sought to curb extreme measures.
The executions paved the way for the Thermidorian Reaction and a more conservative phase of the Revolution.
Robespierre's downfall has since symbolized the dangers of absolute power and ideological extremism.
1794
French Revolution
Maximilien Robespierre
Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
guillotine
Paris, France
1808day.year
Mahmud II became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.
Mahmud II ascended to the Ottoman throne and became Caliph of Islam in 1808.
His reign initiated major modernizing reforms.
On July 28, 1808, Mahmud II was proclaimed Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.
His accession followed a palace revolt that deposed his predecessor, Selim III.
Mahmud II would later implement sweeping reforms to modernize the military and central administration.
These changes aimed to strengthen the empire in the face of European encroachment and internal decline.
His reign marked the beginning of the Tanzimat era and reshaped Ottoman governance in the 19th century.
1808
Mahmud II
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Caliph of Islam
1821day.year
José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.
On July 28, 1821, José de San Martín declared Peru's independence from Spain.
This act initiated the creation of the Republic of Peru.
José de San Martín, Argentine liberator, officially declared Peru independent from Spain on July 28, 1821.
His proclamation in Lima ended nearly three centuries of Spanish colonial domination.
San Martín's naval blockade and military campaign had paved the way for this historic moment.
He assumed the title of Protector of Peru, establishing provisional government institutions.
Peru's declaration contributed significantly to the wave of independence movements across Latin America.
1821
José de San Martín
Peru
1868day.year
The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is certified, establishing African American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.
The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution was certified, guaranteeing citizenship and due process rights to African Americans and all persons born or naturalized in the United States.
On July 28, 1868, Secretary of State William Seward certified the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, marking a turning point in Reconstruction-era America. The amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved individuals, and prohibited states from denying life, liberty, or property without due process of law. It also introduced the Equal Protection Clause, which has served as the foundation for landmark Supreme Court rulings on civil rights, desegregation, and marriage equality. Over the decades, the 14th Amendment has been invoked to expand voting rights, protect fundamental freedoms, and challenge discriminatory laws. Its broad language continues to shape American jurisprudence and society.
1868
14th Amendment
United States Constitution
African American
due process
1896day.year
The city of Miami is incorporated.
Miami was incorporated as a city, setting the stage for its transformation from a frontier settlement into a bustling metropolitan center.
On July 28, 1896, the Florida legislature officially incorporated Miami as a city, formalizing a community that had rapidly grown following the extension of Henry Flagler's railroad. Promoted by Julia Tuttle, known as the 'Mother of Miami,' the newly chartered city established its first municipal government and began developing basic services and infrastructure. Incorporation attracted real estate investors, entrepreneurs, and settlers eager to take advantage of Florida's subtropical climate and economic opportunities. Over the next century, Miami evolved into an international hub for finance, tourism, and culture, renowned for its beaches, diverse population, and vibrant arts scene. The city's foundation in 1896 remains a pivotal moment in its rich history.
1896
Miami
1932day.year
U.S. president Herbert Hoover orders the United States Army to forcibly evict the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C.
President Herbert Hoover orders the U.S. Army to remove protesting World War I veterans known as the "Bonus Army" from Washington, D.C., sparking national controversy.
In the summer of 1932, approximately 43,000 World War I veterans and their families marched on Washington to demand early bonus payments. They set up makeshift camps near the Capitol, calling themselves the "Bonus Army." On July 28, President Hoover ordered the Army, under General Douglas MacArthur, to clear the camps by force. Cavalry, infantry, and tanks were deployed, resulting in clashes that left several veterans injured and one infant dead. The eviction tarnished Hoover's public image and intensified criticism of his handling of the Great Depression, influencing the 1932 presidential election.
1932
Herbert Hoover
Bonus Army
1974day.year
Spetsgruppa A, Russia's elite special force, was formed.
The Soviet Union establishes Spetsgruppa A, an elite KGB counter-terrorism unit.
On July 28, 1974, Spetsgruppa A, the Soviet Union’s elite counter-terrorism unit, was officially formed under the KGB.
Often referred to as 'Alpha Group', it was established to respond to hijackings and hostage crises.
Members were handpicked for their exceptional skills in combat, tactics, and intelligence operations.
Spetsgruppa A played a crucial role in high-profile interventions throughout the Cold War era.
Its formation marked a key development in modern special forces and counter-terrorism capabilities.
The unit continues to exist in various forms within the successor Russian security services.
1974
Spetsgruppa A
2017day.year
Nawaz Sharif was disqualified from office for life by Supreme Court of Pakistan after finding him guilty of corruption charges.
In 2017, Pakistan's Supreme Court disqualified former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif from office for life following corruption convictions.
On July 28, 2017, the Supreme Court of Pakistan delivered a landmark verdict disqualifying Nawaz Sharif from holding public office. The decision followed investigations into corruption charges stemming from the Panama Papers revelations. The court found Sharif guilty of owning assets beyond known sources of income related to his family's offshore companies. As a result, he was barred for life from serving in public office in Pakistan. This ruling marked a significant moment in the country's fight against political corruption. Sharif, who had served three non-consecutive terms as Prime Minister, faced legal battles and political upheaval. The verdict reshaped Pakistan's political landscape and fueled debates over judicial intervention in politics.
2017
Nawaz Sharif
Supreme Court of Pakistan
corruption charges