615day.year
Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque at the age of 12.
In 615 CE, the young noble K'inich Janaab' Pakal ascended the throne of Palenque at age twelve, beginning one of the longest recorded reigns in Maya history.
At just twelve years old, Pakal became ruler of Palenque under the guidance of regents.
He commissioned grand architectural projects, most notably the Temple of the Inscriptions.
Under his leadership, Palenque emerged as a major cultural and artistic center.
Hieroglyphic inscriptions from his reign provide crucial insights into Maya civilization.
Pakal's tomb, discovered in the temple he built, revealed richly carved sarcophagi and treasures.
His nearly seventy-year rule is celebrated for its stability and artistic legacy.
615
Pakal
Palenque
1565day.year
The widowed Mary, Queen of Scots marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Duke of Albany, at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, Scotland, in a Catholic ceremony.
On July 29, 1565, Mary, Queen of Scots married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in a grand Catholic ceremony at Holyrood Palace, intensifying political and religious strife.
Mary married her cousin Darnley to solidify dynastic alliances and secure a Catholic heir.
The lavish celebrations at Holyrood showcased Renaissance court culture and pageantry.
Protestant factions in Scotland and England viewed the union as a threat to religious reform.
Darnley's arrogance and ambition soon led to rivalries at court and a breakdown of trust.
His subsequent mysterious death tarnished Mary's reputation and fueled scandals.
This ill-fated marriage set in motion events that culminated in Mary’s imprisonment and abdication.
1565
Mary, Queen of Scots
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
Duke of Albany
Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh
Catholic ceremony
1567day.year
The infant James VI is crowned King of Scotland at Stirling.
At Stirling Castle on July 29, 1567, the infant James VI was crowned King of Scotland following his mother Mary’s forced abdication.
Parliament declared Mary unfit to rule after her marriage controversies and imprisonment.
One-year-old James was anointed amid Protestant reforms and public scrutiny.
Regents governed in his name, directing Scotland toward a more Presbyterian model.
The ceremony affirmed the Tudor-Stuart lineage and placated rival noble factions.
As James VI and I, he would later unite the crowns of Scotland and England.
His coronation marked the beginning of a new era in British monarchy.
1567
James VI
crowned King of Scotland
Stirling
1775day.year
Founding of the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Corps: General George Washington appoints William Tudor as Judge Advocate of the Continental Army.
General George Washington appoints William Tudor as the first Judge Advocate of the Continental Army, establishing the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General’s Corps.
On July 29, 1775, General George Washington formalized the establishment of military legal oversight by appointing William Tudor as the Judge Advocate General of the Continental Army. This new office was tasked with advising commanders on legal matters, overseeing courts-martial, and ensuring discipline among the troops. Tudor’s role laid the foundation for what would become the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General’s Corps, the oldest branch of the Army’s legal services. The creation of a legal office reflected the Continental Congress’s commitment to the rule of law even amid war. Over time, the Corps expanded its responsibilities to include handling claims, providing legal assistance, and supporting military justice reform. Its establishment marked a key step in professionalizing the young nation’s military forces and upholding soldiers’ rights.
1775
U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Corps
George Washington
William Tudor
Continental Army
1858day.year
United States and Japan sign the Harris Treaty.
The United States and Japan sign the Harris Treaty, opening Japanese ports to American trade and marking a major shift in Japan’s foreign policy.
On July 29, 1858, the Harris Treaty was signed by U.S. envoy Townsend Harris and Japanese officials in Edo (modern-day Tokyo). This treaty granted the United States access to several Japanese ports, including Kanagawa (near Yokohama), Edo, Nagasaki, Kobe, and Hyōgo. It established extraterritorial rights for American citizens and fixed low import-export tariffs, representing an unequal agreement that favored Western powers. The Harris Treaty followed Commodore Perry’s 1854 Convention of Kanagawa and further eroded Japan’s isolationist policies. While it hastened Japan’s opening to global trade and diplomatic relations, it also fueled domestic unrest leading to the Meiji Restoration. The treaty played a critical role in Japan’s rapid modernization and emergence as a world power.
1858
Harris Treaty
1899day.year
The First Hague Convention is signed.
The First Hague Convention of 1899 was the first international treaty to codify laws of war and establish arbitration procedures.
In May 1899 in The Hague, 26 nations convened to curb the atrocities of armed conflict. They drafted regulations on the treatment of prisoners, restrictions on certain weapons, and rules for conduct in war. A Permanent Court of Arbitration was created to settle international disputes peacefully. The convention marked a milestone in the development of international humanitarian law. Its principles influenced later Hague and Geneva Conventions that shaped modern warfare ethics.
1899
First Hague Convention
1900day.year
In Italy, King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by the anarchist Gaetano Bresci. His son, Victor Emmanuel III, 31 years old, succeeds to the throne.
King Umberto I was assassinated by anarchist Gaetano Bresci, leading to Victor Emmanuel III's accession to the throne.
On July 29, 1900, King Umberto I of Italy was shot by Gaetano Bresci in Monza as part of an anarchist campaign against monarchy. The king succumbed to his wounds soon after, ending his 13-year reign. His 31-year-old son, Victor Emmanuel III, inherited the throne amid political and social tensions. Victor Emmanuel III's reign would span both World Wars and significant upheaval in Italy. The assassination reflected the rise of anarchist movements and popular unrest at the turn of the century.
1900
Umberto I of Italy
anarchist
Gaetano Bresci
Victor Emmanuel III
1901day.year
Land lottery begins in Oklahoma.
A land lottery opened in Oklahoma, distributing former Native American territory to settlers by random draw.
On July 29, 1901, the U.S. government conducted a land lottery to allocate former Indigenous lands in Oklahoma Territory. Prospective homesteaders registered for the chance to claim parcels ranging from 80 to 160 acres. This system replaced previous land runs and aimed to bring order to rapid settlement. Winners paid a small registration fee and received legal title to their plots. The lottery accelerated population growth and agricultural development in the region. However, it also intensified disputes over land dispossession and tribal rights during America's westward expansion.
1901
Oklahoma
1921day.year
Adolf Hitler becomes leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party.
Adolf Hitler was elected leader of the NSDAP, initiating his ascent to power within the German nationalist movement.
On July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler assumed the chairmanship of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), succeeding Anton Drexler. His dynamic oratory skills and aggressive ideology quickly consolidated control over the party's direction. Hitler organized the SA paramilitary wing and expanded propaganda campaigns to gain public support. Under his leadership, the NSDAP transitioned from a fringe group to a significant political force in the Weimar Republic. This event marked the beginning of Hitler's personal dictatorship within the party and set the stage for its future electoral breakthroughs. The structural changes he implemented during this period laid the groundwork for the Nazi regime.
1921
Adolf Hitler
National Socialist German Workers' Party
1932day.year
Great Depression: In Washington, D.C., troops disperse the last of the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans using arson, bayonets, sabers, tanks, tear gas, and vomit gas.
Federal troops forcibly removed protesting World War I veterans of the Bonus Army in Washington, D.C., stirring public outrage during the Great Depression.
In late July 1932, thousands of veterans of the Bonus Army camped in Washington, D.C., demanding early payment of service bonuses. On July 29, President Hoover ordered U.S. troops to clear the encampments using tanks, bayonets, sabers, tear gas, and vomit gas. The confrontation resulted in injuries to veterans and bystanders, and the destruction of their makeshift camps. Media coverage of the violent dispersal fueled widespread sympathy for the veterans and criticism of the Hoover administration. The incident severely damaged Hoover's public standing and influenced the outcome of the 1932 presidential election. The Bonus Army episode remains a poignant example of civil-military tensions in American history.
1932
Great Depression
Bonus Army
bayonets
sabers
tear gas
vomit gas
1959day.year
First United States Congress elections in Hawaii as a state of the Union.
On July 29, 1959, Hawaii held its first elections to the United States Congress as a newly admitted state.
Just weeks before formal statehood, Hawaii conducted its inaugural Congressional elections to choose representation in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. Voters selected two senators and one representative, integrating the Pacific territory into the American legislative system. Prominent figures such as Hiram Fong and Daniel Inouye emerged during this political milestone. The elections symbolized Hawaii’s transition from territory to the 50th state, shaping its voice in federal government. This historic vote laid the groundwork for Hawaii’s political identity and participation in national affairs.
1959
United States Congress
1973day.year
Greeks vote to abolish the monarchy, beginning the first period of the Metapolitefsi.
A 1973 referendum in Greece abolished the monarchy and ushered in the Metapolitefsi era.
On July 29, 1973, a national referendum in Greece resulted in the formal abolition of the centuries-old monarchy. The vote, orchestrated under the military junta, officially ended King Constantine II's reign and paved the way for a republican government. This watershed moment marked the beginning of the Metapolitefsi, a period of political transition toward democratic rule. Despite questions over the referendum's fairness, the outcome laid the groundwork for the restoration of civilian leadership in 1974. The decision reshaped Greece's political landscape and influenced its membership negotiations with the European Economic Community. Today, the event is seen as a critical turning point in modern Greek history.
1973
Greeks vote to abolish the monarchy
Metapolitefsi