392day.year
Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
In 392, the Frankish general Arbogast elevated Eugenius as Western Roman Emperor, creating a rival court in Gaul.
In 392, Arbogast, the Frankish general serving as magister militum, installed Eugenius as Western Roman Emperor, defying Eastern Emperor Theodosius I.
After the mysterious death of Emperor Valentinian II, Arbogast wielded military and political power in the Western Empire and sought a puppet ruler.
Eugenius, a Roman aristocrat turned magister officiorum, was proclaimed emperor in Trier and recognized by the Western army.
This power grab highlighted the growing divide between Eastern and Western halves of the crumbling empire.
Although initially tolerated, Theodosius I viewed Eugenius's claim as illegitimate and marched west to confront him.
Their armies clashed at the Battle of the Frigidus in 394, ending Eugenius's short reign and reaffirming Theodosius's supremacy.
This episode underscored the internal struggles and fragmentation that plagued the late Roman Empire.
392
Arbogast
Eugenius
Western Roman Emperor
851day.year
Battle of Jengland: Erispoe defeats Charles the Bald near the Breton town of Jengland.
In 851, Duke Erispoe of Brittany defeats King Charles the Bald at the Battle of Jengland, securing Breton autonomy.
In August 851, near the town of Jengland, Duke Erispoe led Breton forces to a decisive victory over Frankish King Charles the Bald.
The battle resulted from escalating tensions over tribute and territorial claims following Erispoe's alliance with Louis the German.
Deploying agile Breton cavalry against heavier Frankish troops, Erispoe executed bold maneuvers that outflanked his opponent.
Charles suffered heavy losses and was forced to negotiate, recognizing Breton independence in the Treaty of Angers.
This victory marked one of the earliest formal acknowledgments of Brittany as a semi-autonomous duchy within the Carolingian realm.
Erispoe's success reinforced the power of regional leaders and set a precedent for Breton self-governance.
851
Battle of Jengland
Erispoe
Charles the Bald
1138day.year
Battle of the Standard between Scotland and England.
In 1138, Scottish forces under King David I clashed with English troops at the Battle of the Standard, stalling the Scottish invasion.
In August 1138, an English army assembled near Northallerton to repel forces led by King David I of Scotland.
The confrontation was named for the improvised English battle standard—a collection of religious banners atop a mast.
Scottish knights and infantry attacked fiercely but were impeded by the English arrayed behind caltrops and stakes.
After hours of combat, the Scots retreated in disorder, suffering significant casualties.
This victory bolstered English morale during the civil unrest of King Stephen's reign and limited Scottish ambitions.
1138
Battle of the Standard
1153day.year
Crusader–Fatimid wars: The fortress of Ascalon was surrendered by Fatimid Egypt to an army of crusaders, Templars, and Hospitallers led by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem.
In 1153, the fortress of Ascalon fell to crusader forces under King Baldwin III, striking a blow against Fatimid Egypt.
On August 22, 1153, after a prolonged siege, the strategic stronghold of Ascalon was handed over by Fatimid defenders to a crusader army.
Led by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem, the combined forces of crusaders, Knights Templar, and Knights Hospitaller overwhelmed the garrison.
The siege saw extensive mining operations, artillery bombardment, and blockade tactics common in medieval warfare.
The fall of Ascalon secured the southern frontier of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and opened routes for pilgrim access.
Fatimid Egypt's loss weakened its influence in the Levant and shifted the balance of power among crusader states.
Ascalon's capture was celebrated in Europe, inspiring further crusading fervor and expansionist policies.
1153
Crusader–Fatimid wars
Ascalon
surrendered
Fatimid Egypt
crusaders
Templars
Hospitallers
Baldwin III of Jerusalem
1485day.year
The Battle of Bosworth Field occurs; King Richard III of England's death in battle marks the end of the reigning Plantagenet dynasty and the beginning of the Tudors under Henry VII.
In 1485, Henry Tudor defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses and inaugurating the Tudor era.
On August 22, 1485, the armies of Henry Tudor and King Richard III met near Market Bosworth in Leicestershire.
Richard, anticipating a strong advance, launched a cavalry charge that briefly threatened Henry's position.
However, betrayals by key Yorkist nobles and superior tactics allowed Tudor's forces to encircle the royal army.
Richard III was killed in combat, marking the end of Plantagenet rule and a dynastic shift in England.
Henry Tudor was crowned King Henry VII, founding the Tudor dynasty that would oversee profound political and religious transformations.
The battle's outcome solidified the monarchy's central authority and stabilized England after decades of civil war.
1485
Battle of Bosworth Field
Richard III of England
Plantagenet dynasty
Henry VII
1559day.year
Spanish archbishop Bartolomé Carranza is arrested for heresy.
In 1559, Spanish archbishop Bartolomé Carranza was arrested on charges of heresy, igniting controversy within the Catholic Church.
In August 1559, Bartolomé Carranza, Archbishop of Toledo, was detained by the Spanish Inquisition under suspicion of Lutheran sympathies.
Accusations stemmed from his writings, sermons, and advocacy for church reform, which alarmed conservative hardliners.
Carranza was transported to Rome to face trial by the Roman Inquisition, where proceedings lasted nearly seventeen years.
His lengthy imprisonment highlighted tensions between Spanish and papal authorities over religious orthodoxy and jurisdiction.
The case underscored the broader struggle of the Counter-Reformation and the crackdown on perceived Protestant influence in Spain.
1559
archbishop
Bartolomé Carranza
heresy
1614day.year
Fettmilch Uprising: Jews are expelled from Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire, following the plundering of the Judengasse.
On August 22, 1614, radical leader Vincenz Fettmilch expelled Frankfurt's Jewish community amidst a brewing uprising.
In 1614, Vincenz Fettmilch, leader of a guild-led revolt in Frankfurt, orchestrated the plundering of the Judengasse, the city's Jewish quarter.
Hundreds of Jewish residents were forced to leave the city, their homes and businesses ransacked in the violence.
The revolt was fueled by economic grievances, anti-Semitic sentiment, and demands for political reforms.
Imperial authorities suppressed the uprising later that year, executed Fettmilch, and restored the Jewish community.
This episode revealed deep-seated religious and social tensions in the Holy Roman Empire's urban centers.
1614
Fettmilch Uprising
Frankfurt
Holy Roman Empire
Judengasse
1639day.year
Madras (now Chennai), India, is founded by the British East India Company on a sliver of land bought from local Nayak rulers.
In 1639, the British East India Company established a trading post at Madraspatnam, laying the foundations of modern Chennai.
On August 22, 1639, representatives of the British East India Company signed a ground rent agreement with Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka for Madraspatnam.
Sir Francis Day and Andrew Cogan secured a coastal strip at Coke's Mount, laying the groundwork for Fort St. George.
This strategic settlement became the first English foothold on the Coromandel Coast, facilitating trade in textiles, spices, and precious stones.
Madras quickly grew into a military and commercial hub, challenging Dutch and Portuguese dominance in the region.
Over the centuries, the city expanded beyond its walled fort to become the metropolis now known as Chennai.
1639
Chennai
British East India Company
1642day.year
Charles I raises his standard in Nottingham, which marks the beginning of the English Civil War.
On August 22, 1642, King Charles I raised his royal standard at Nottingham, officially igniting the English Civil War.
In 1642, tensions between King Charles I and Parliament reached a breaking point over issues of taxation, religion, and royal prerogative.
By personally raising his standard on Nottingham's castle hill, Charles declared war on his parliamentary opponents.
The move symbolized his refusal to accept parliamentary authority and rallied supporters from the Royalist (Cavalier) faction.
Parliament quickly responded by appointing Thomas Fairfax and organizing its own army, the Parliamentarians (Roundheads).
The civil war would endure until 1651, culminating in Charles's defeat, execution, and the temporary abolition of the monarchy.
1642
Charles I
Nottingham
English Civil War
1654day.year
Jacob Barsimson arrives in New Amsterdam. He is the first known Jewish immigrant to America.
In 1654, Jacob Barsimson became the first known Jewish immigrant to settle in New Amsterdam, pioneering American Jewish history.
Jacob Barsimson, a merchant from Amsterdam, arrived in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (modern New York) in August 1654.
Seeking economic opportunity and religious freedom, he joined a small group of Jewish traders at the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
His arrival predated major Jewish migration waves and marked the beginnings of an organized Jewish presence in North America.
Despite initial resistance from colonial authorities, the Jewish community gradually won the right to worship openly.
Barsimson's settlement laid the foundation for one of the largest and most influential Jewish communities in the modern world.
1654
Jacob Barsimson
New Amsterdam
1711day.year
Britain's Quebec Expedition loses eight ships and almost nine hundred soldiers, sailors and women to rocks at Pointe-aux-Anglais.
In 1711, Britain's Quebec Expedition suffered a tragic shipwreck at Pointe-aux-Anglais, losing eight ships and nearly nine hundred lives.
The Quebec Expedition was a British military attempt during Queen Anne's War to seize Quebec from French control. On August 22, 1711, the fleet navigated treacherous waters off Pointe-aux-Anglais in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Miscalculations and poor visibility led to eight ships striking submerged rocks. Nearly nine hundred soldiers, sailors, and accompanying civilians perished in the disaster. The scale of the loss prompted the British to abort the mission and reassess naval operations in North American waters. This calamity remains one of the deadliest maritime accidents of the era and highlights the perils of eighteenth-century navigation.
1711
Quebec Expedition
Pointe-aux-Anglais
1717day.year
Spanish troops land on Sardinia.
In 1717, Spanish forces landed on Sardinia as part of the War of the Quadruple Alliance, escalating tensions in the Mediterranean.
During the War of the Quadruple Alliance, King Philip V of Spain sought to reclaim Mediterranean territories lost to the Habsburgs. On August 22, 1717, a Spanish expeditionary force disembarked on Sardinia's northern shores. The troops quickly secured key coastal positions, challenging Austrian and Savoyard interests. Spain's assertive move intensified diplomatic rivalries among Europe's major powers. Although the occupation was short-lived, it demonstrated Spain's naval reach and determination. The landing set off a chain of events that led to the Treaty of The Hague in 1720 and reshaped the region's political landscape.
1717
Sardinia