851day.year
Battle of Jengland: Erispoe defeats Charles the Bald near the Breton town of Jengland.
In 851, Duke Erispoe of Brittany defeats King Charles the Bald at the Battle of Jengland, securing Breton autonomy.
In August 851, near the town of Jengland, Duke Erispoe led Breton forces to a decisive victory over Frankish King Charles the Bald.
The battle resulted from escalating tensions over tribute and territorial claims following Erispoe's alliance with Louis the German.
Deploying agile Breton cavalry against heavier Frankish troops, Erispoe executed bold maneuvers that outflanked his opponent.
Charles suffered heavy losses and was forced to negotiate, recognizing Breton independence in the Treaty of Angers.
This victory marked one of the earliest formal acknowledgments of Brittany as a semi-autonomous duchy within the Carolingian realm.
Erispoe's success reinforced the power of regional leaders and set a precedent for Breton self-governance.
851
Battle of Jengland
Erispoe
Charles the Bald
1138day.year
Battle of the Standard between Scotland and England.
In 1138, Scottish forces under King David I clashed with English troops at the Battle of the Standard, stalling the Scottish invasion.
In August 1138, an English army assembled near Northallerton to repel forces led by King David I of Scotland.
The confrontation was named for the improvised English battle standard—a collection of religious banners atop a mast.
Scottish knights and infantry attacked fiercely but were impeded by the English arrayed behind caltrops and stakes.
After hours of combat, the Scots retreated in disorder, suffering significant casualties.
This victory bolstered English morale during the civil unrest of King Stephen's reign and limited Scottish ambitions.
1138
Battle of the Standard
1153day.year
Crusader–Fatimid wars: The fortress of Ascalon was surrendered by Fatimid Egypt to an army of crusaders, Templars, and Hospitallers led by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem.
In 1153, the fortress of Ascalon fell to crusader forces under King Baldwin III, striking a blow against Fatimid Egypt.
On August 22, 1153, after a prolonged siege, the strategic stronghold of Ascalon was handed over by Fatimid defenders to a crusader army.
Led by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem, the combined forces of crusaders, Knights Templar, and Knights Hospitaller overwhelmed the garrison.
The siege saw extensive mining operations, artillery bombardment, and blockade tactics common in medieval warfare.
The fall of Ascalon secured the southern frontier of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and opened routes for pilgrim access.
Fatimid Egypt's loss weakened its influence in the Levant and shifted the balance of power among crusader states.
Ascalon's capture was celebrated in Europe, inspiring further crusading fervor and expansionist policies.
1153
Crusader–Fatimid wars
Ascalon
surrendered
Fatimid Egypt
crusaders
Templars
Hospitallers
Baldwin III of Jerusalem
1485day.year
The Battle of Bosworth Field occurs; King Richard III of England's death in battle marks the end of the reigning Plantagenet dynasty and the beginning of the Tudors under Henry VII.
In 1485, Henry Tudor defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses and inaugurating the Tudor era.
On August 22, 1485, the armies of Henry Tudor and King Richard III met near Market Bosworth in Leicestershire.
Richard, anticipating a strong advance, launched a cavalry charge that briefly threatened Henry's position.
However, betrayals by key Yorkist nobles and superior tactics allowed Tudor's forces to encircle the royal army.
Richard III was killed in combat, marking the end of Plantagenet rule and a dynastic shift in England.
Henry Tudor was crowned King Henry VII, founding the Tudor dynasty that would oversee profound political and religious transformations.
The battle's outcome solidified the monarchy's central authority and stabilized England after decades of civil war.
1485
Battle of Bosworth Field
Richard III of England
Plantagenet dynasty
Henry VII
1642day.year
Charles I raises his standard in Nottingham, which marks the beginning of the English Civil War.
On August 22, 1642, King Charles I raised his royal standard at Nottingham, officially igniting the English Civil War.
In 1642, tensions between King Charles I and Parliament reached a breaking point over issues of taxation, religion, and royal prerogative.
By personally raising his standard on Nottingham's castle hill, Charles declared war on his parliamentary opponents.
The move symbolized his refusal to accept parliamentary authority and rallied supporters from the Royalist (Cavalier) faction.
Parliament quickly responded by appointing Thomas Fairfax and organizing its own army, the Parliamentarians (Roundheads).
The civil war would endure until 1651, culminating in Charles's defeat, execution, and the temporary abolition of the monarchy.
1642
Charles I
Nottingham
English Civil War
1717day.year
Spanish troops land on Sardinia.
In 1717, Spanish forces landed on Sardinia as part of the War of the Quadruple Alliance, escalating tensions in the Mediterranean.
During the War of the Quadruple Alliance, King Philip V of Spain sought to reclaim Mediterranean territories lost to the Habsburgs. On August 22, 1717, a Spanish expeditionary force disembarked on Sardinia's northern shores. The troops quickly secured key coastal positions, challenging Austrian and Savoyard interests. Spain's assertive move intensified diplomatic rivalries among Europe's major powers. Although the occupation was short-lived, it demonstrated Spain's naval reach and determination. The landing set off a chain of events that led to the Treaty of The Hague in 1720 and reshaped the region's political landscape.
1717
Sardinia
1777day.year
British forces abandon the Siege of Fort Stanwix after hearing rumors of Continental Army reinforcements.
In 1777, British forces lifted the Siege of Fort Stanwix after hearing rumors of approaching Continental Army reinforcements, marking a turning point in the Saratoga campaign.
As part of General John Burgoyne's campaign during the American Revolutionary War, British troops besieged Fort Stanwix (Fort Schuyler) in present-day New York. On August 22, 1777, rumors of Continental Army and Oneida Indian reinforcements pressured British commanders to abandon the siege. Colonel Peter Gansevoort and his garrison held firm during the encirclement. The British withdrawal undermined Burgoyne's plan to isolate New England from other colonies and foreshadowed his eventual defeat at Saratoga. The event boosted American morale and demonstrated the effective coordination between colonial forces and Native American allies. It remains a notable episode in the struggle for American independence.
1777
Siege of Fort Stanwix
Continental Army
1791day.year
The Haitian slave revolution begins in Saint-Domingue, Haiti.
The Haitian Revolution began on August 22, 1791, when enslaved people in Saint-Domingue rose up in the first successful slave revolt.
In the French colony of Saint-Domingue, now Haiti, enslaved Africans initiated a coordinated uprising on the night of August 22, 1791. Influenced by the French Revolution's ideals of liberty and equality, rebels attacked plantations across the northern region. Despite brutal reprisals, the revolt gained momentum under leaders such as Toussaint Louverture. The conflict evolved into a war for independence, leading to the abolition of slavery and the founding of Haiti as the first Black republic in 1804. The Haitian Revolution sent shockwaves through colonial empires and inspired abolitionist movements worldwide. Its legacy endures as a landmark victory in the struggle for human rights and self-determination.
1791
Haitian
slave revolution
Saint-Domingue, Haiti
1798day.year
French troops land at Kilcummin, County Mayo, Ireland to aid the rebellion.
In 1798, French troops landed at Kilcummin in County Mayo to support the Irish rebellion against British rule.
On August 22, 1798, approximately 1,100 French soldiers under General Jean Humbert landed at Kilcummin, County Mayo, to aid the United Irishmen's uprising. The arrival bolstered Irish insurgents and led to the brief establishment of the Republic of Connacht. Early victories, including the Battle of Castlebar, became known as the 'Races of Castlebar' for the swift British retreat. However, supply shortages and British reinforcements forced the Franco-Irish forces into battle at Ballinamuck on September 8, ending in surrender. The expedition highlighted the extent of French support for anti-British revolutions and the resilience of Irish nationalism. Although the rebellion failed, it inspired future movements for Irish independence and solidarity with revolutionary France.
1798
Kilcummin, County Mayo
rebellion
1849day.year
Passaleão incident: João Maria Ferreira do Amaral, the governor of Portuguese Macau, is assassinated by a group of Chinese locals, triggering a military confrontation between China and Portugal at the Battle of Passaleão three days after.
In 1849, Governor João Maria Ferreira do Amaral of Portuguese Macau was assassinated by Chinese locals, triggering the Passaleão military confrontation.
On August 22, 1849, frustration over restrictive policies and sovereignty disputes led local Chinese activists to assassinate Governor João Maria Ferreira do Amaral in Macau. Amaral's efforts to assert Portuguese judicial and tax authority had provoked widespread resentment. His death prompted a swift and forceful reaction from Lisbon, culminating in the Battle of Passaleão three days later against Qing forces. This clash underscored the strategic importance of Macau in Sino-European relations following the Opium Wars. Although Portugal maintained control, the incident highlighted the volatility of colonial rule and foreshadowed future tensions. The Passaleão episode remains a significant chapter in Macau's complex colonial history.
1849
Passaleão incident
João Maria Ferreira do Amaral
governor
Portuguese Macau
assassinated
China
Portugal
Battle of Passaleão
1922day.year
Michael Collins, Commander-in-chief of the Irish Free State Army, is shot dead in an ambush during the Irish Civil War.
In 1922, Michael Collins, a key leader of the Irish Free State, was killed in a roadside ambush during the Irish Civil War.
On August 22, 1922, Michael Collins, serving as both the Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-Chief of the Irish Free State Army, traveled to County Cork.
His convoy was ambushed at Béal na Bláth by anti-Treaty IRA forces opposed to Collins's provisional government.
Collins was fatally shot, dealing a severe blow to the pro-Treaty side and altering the course of the civil conflict.
His death deprived the nascent Free State of a unifying figure and intensified the bitterness of the war.
Collins remains a legendary figure in Irish history, remembered for his leadership during the struggle for independence.
1922
Michael Collins
Commander-in-chief
Irish Free State
Irish Civil War
1942day.year
Brazil declares war on Germany, Japan and Italy.
In 1942, Brazil entered World War II by declaring war on the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan.
On August 22, 1942, Brazil formally declared war on Germany, Italy, and Japan, joining the Allies in World War II.
This decision followed repeated attacks on Brazilian ships by German U-boats in the Atlantic.
President Getúlio Vargas aimed to support the global fight against Axis aggression while securing Brazil's international stature.
Brazilian troops later participated in the Italian Campaign, marking the first Latin American ground forces in the European theater.
The declaration strengthened ties with the United States and shaped Brazil's postwar political and economic trajectory.
1942
Brazil
Germany
Italy