870day.year
The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine Malta.
After a protracted siege, the city of Melite capitulates to Aghlabid forces, ending Byzantine rule in Malta.
In 870, the city of Melite (modern Mdina) on Malta endured a prolonged siege by an Aghlabid army from North Africa.
After sustained assaults and dwindling resources, the Byzantine garrison surrendered to the attackers.
This capitulation ended centuries of Byzantine authority on the island.
The Aghlabid conquest opened Malta to Islamic influence and reshaped its strategic importance in the Mediterranean.
Malta would remain under Muslim control for over two centuries following this landmark event.
870
Melite
Aghlabid
following a siege
Byzantine Malta
1219day.year
The Battle of Fariskur occurs during the Fifth Crusade.
Crusader forces clash with Ayyubid defenders at Fariskur during the Fifth Crusade.
In 1219, during the Fifth Crusade, Crusader armies advanced into Egypt aiming to strike at the heart of Muslim power.
At Fariskur, near the Nile Delta, Crusader knights and infantry engaged Ayyubid troops defending the region.
Despite initial successes, supply issues and effective resistance hindered the Latin forces.
The clash foreshadowed the eventual failure of the crusade to achieve its objectives in Egypt.
Fariskur became a symbol of the logistical and strategic challenges faced by Crusaders in unfamiliar terrain.
1219
Battle of Fariskur
Fifth Crusade
1315day.year
Battle of Montecatini: The army of the Republic of Pisa, commanded by Uguccione della Faggiuola, wins a decisive victory against the joint forces of the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Florence despite being outnumbered.
Despite being outnumbered, Pisa achieves a decisive victory over Naples and Florence at Montecatini.
On August 29, 1315, near Montecatini in Tuscany, the Republic of Pisa faced a coalition of forces from Naples and Florence.
Commanded by the condottiero Uguccione della Faggiuola, the Pisan army executed a surprise attack.
Despite their smaller numbers, Pisa's troops routed the allied forces and captured many knights.
This triumph bolstered Pisa's influence in the region and weakened its Florentine and Neapolitan rivals.
The battle exemplified the turbulent Guelph-Ghibelline conflicts that defined medieval Italian politics.
1315
Battle of Montecatini
Republic of Pisa
Uguccione della Faggiuola
Kingdom of Naples
Republic of Florence
1350day.year
Battle of Winchelsea (or Les Espagnols sur Mer): The English naval fleet under King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet of 40 ships.
King Edward III's English fleet defeats a larger Castilian armada at the naval Battle of Winchelsea.
Also known by the poet Chaucer as 'Les Espagnols sur Mer,' the Battle of Winchelsea took place on August 29, 1350.
King Edward III personally led the English fleet against forty Castilian ships in the English Channel.
Utilizing swift maneuvers and superior seamanship, the English secured victory and captured several vessels.
This engagement was part of the ongoing Hundred Years' War and showcased England's naval prowess.
The battle remains celebrated in English maritime history as a demonstration of royal leadership at sea.
1350
Battle of Winchelsea
Les Espagnols sur Mer
English
naval fleet
Edward III
Castilian
1475day.year
The Treaty of Picquigny ends a brief war between the kingdoms of France and England.
France and England sign the Treaty of Picquigny, concluding a short conflict and establishing a peace.
Signed on August 29, 1475, the Treaty of Picquigny formally ended hostilities between King Louis XI of France and King Edward IV of England.
Under its terms, Edward IV agreed to withdraw his forces from French soil in exchange for a yearly pension.
The accord included marriage negotiations and a seven-year truce to prevent further invasions.
The treaty reflected Louis XI's diplomatic skill and his preference for financial settlements over prolonged warfare.
Picquigny marked a rare moment of peace during the tumultuous Wars of the Roses and strengthened French royal authority.
1475
Treaty of Picquigny
France
1521day.year
The Ottoman Turks capture Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade).
On August 29, 1521, Ottoman forces under Suleiman the Magnificent captured Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade), a key fortress controlling the Danube gateway to Central Europe.
Nándorfehérvár, present-day Belgrade, was a strategic fortress guarding the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers.
After a month-long siege, Sultan Suleiman I personally directed his forces in a campaign of relentless artillery bombardment and infantry assaults.
With the fall of the city on August 29, 1521, the Ottomans secured a crucial gateway into Central Europe and severely weakened Hungarian defenses.
The victory enhanced Suleiman's reputation as a formidable commander and laid the groundwork for further Ottoman advances across the continent.
In the aftermath, the city was incorporated into the Ottoman provincial system, saw the construction of new fortifications, and became a key administrative center.
Survivors of the siege were often enslaved or held for ransom, while the defeat shook European powers into pursuing new alliances against the growing Ottoman threat.
1521
Ottoman Turks
Nándorfehérvár
1526day.year
Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman Turks led by Suleiman the Magnificent defeat and kill the last Jagiellonian king of Hungary and Bohemia.
In 1526, Ottoman forces under Suleiman the Magnificent crushed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács, resulting in the death of King Louis II and heralding Ottoman dominance in Hungary.
The Battle of Mohács took place near the village of Mohács on August 29, 1526, pitting the Kingdom of Hungary against a well-organized Ottoman army under Suleiman I.
Despite outnumbering the Hungarian troops, King Louis II's forces were quickly overrun by the Ottomans' superior artillery and cavalry tactics.
The death of Louis II on the battlefield, along with thousands of nobility, left Hungary without strong leadership and vulnerable to Ottoman encroachment.
This decisive victory shattered the medieval Hungarian state, leading to the partition of Hungary between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburgs.
Suleiman's triumph at Mohács opened the way for deeper Ottoman penetration into Central Europe and marked a major shift in the balance of power.
The battle is widely regarded as one of the most crushing defeats of a European power by the Ottomans, influencing the region's geopolitics for decades.
1526
Battle of Mohács
Ottoman Turks
Suleiman the Magnificent
Jagiellonian
Hungary
Bohemia
1541day.year
The Ottoman Turks capture Buda, the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom.
In 1541, Ottoman forces captured Buda, solidifying their control over central Hungary and reshaping the region's political landscape.
The capture of Buda by the Ottoman Empire occurred on August 29, 1541, after a prolonged siege led by Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha.
Buda had been a key royal residence of the Hungarian kings and a symbol of national authority.
The fall of the city allowed the Ottomans to establish Budin Eyalet, an important provincial center in their European territories.
Local Christian nobles and citizens faced heavy taxation, forced conversion, or expulsion as the Ottoman administration imposed Islamic governance and culture.
The loss of Buda severed the remaining Hungarian defenses, splitting Hungary into three parts under Ottoman, Habsburg, and Transylvanian rule.
The city remained under Ottoman control until 1686, when the Holy League forces recaptured it in the Great Turkish War.
1541
Ottoman Turks
Buda
Hungarian Kingdom
1756day.year
Frederick the Great attacks Saxony, beginning the Seven Years' War in Europe.
On August 29, 1756, Prussian King Frederick the Great invaded Saxony, igniting the Seven Years' War across Europe.
Frederick II of Prussia launched a sudden attack on the Electorate of Saxony on August 29, 1756, aiming to preempt Austrian hostility.
Saxony, allied with Austria, offered a strategic route into the heart of Central Europe, making it a prime target.
The swift Prussian campaign overwhelmed Saxon forces, securing key fortresses and supply lines in a matter of days.
This bold strike escalated into the wider Seven Years' War, drawing in major powers such as Britain, France, and Russia.
Prussia's initial success established Frederick’s reputation as a formidable military strategist but also triggered years of protracted conflict.
The Seven Years' War reshaped colonial empires and European alliances, sowing seeds for future geopolitical changes.
1756
Frederick the Great
Saxony
Seven Years' War
1778day.year
American Revolutionary War: British and American forces battle indecisively at the Battle of Rhode Island.
On August 29, 1778, American and British forces fought to a stalemate at the Battle of Rhode Island during the Revolutionary War.
The Battle of Rhode Island, fought on August 29, 1778, saw Continental Army troops, aided by French naval support, confront British defenses at Aquidneck Island.
General John Sullivan led American forces in a coordinated land assault, while naval maneuvers sought to block British evacuation routes.
Despite initial advances, fog and strong British fortifications stalled the American offensive, forcing a tactical withdrawal.
Casualties were relatively low, but the battle demonstrated growing cooperation between American and French allies.
Although inconclusive, the engagement undermined British control of the region and boosted American morale.
The Battle of Rhode Island remains notable for the participation of the newly arrived French expeditionary forces in the war effort.
1778
American Revolutionary War
Battle of Rhode Island
1779day.year
American Revolutionary War: American forces battle and defeat the British and Iroquois forces at the Battle of Newtown.
In 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, American forces defeated British and Iroquois troops at the Battle of Newtown in New York state.
On August 29, 1779, the Battle of Newtown took place near present-day Elmira, New York.
American Continental Army forces under General John Sullivan engaged and defeated a combined force of British regulars and their Iroquois allies.
The victory was the culminating battle of the Sullivan Expedition, aimed at neutralizing the Iroquois threat on the frontier.
American forces employed artillery and coordinated infantry assaults to overcome fortified positions.
The defeat disrupted Iroquois supply lines and led to widespread destruction of villages in western New York.
This battle demonstrated the Continental Army's growing strategic capabilities and had a lasting impact on frontier relations.
1779
Iroquois
Battle of Newtown
1786day.year
Shays' Rebellion, an armed uprising of Massachusetts farmers, begins in response to high debt and tax burdens.
In 1786, discontented Massachusetts farmers led by Daniel Shays began an armed uprising against high taxes and debts in Shays' Rebellion.
Shays' Rebellion began on August 29, 1786, as impoverished farmers in western Massachusetts, burdened by post-war taxes and debts, took up arms under the leadership of Daniel Shays.
The insurgents sought relief by closing courts to prevent the seizure of their properties due to unpaid debts.
This uprising highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, as the federal government could not assist Massachusetts in suppressing the revolt.
Militia forces were eventually mobilized to disperse the rebels, and leaders like Daniel Shays faced arrest.
Although the rebellion was quelled, it fueled calls for a stronger national government.
The unrest directly influenced the drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution.
1786
Shays' Rebellion
Massachusetts