36 BC
In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate.
In 36 BC, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa led Octavian's fleet to victory at the Battle of Naulochus off the coast of Sicily.
In 36 BC, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa led Octavian's fleet to victory at the Battle of Naulochus off the coast of Sicily. The naval engagement saw Agrippa outmaneuver Sextus Pompey's ships and secure a decisive defeat. This victory ended the last major Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate. With Pompey's naval power broken, Octavian gained uncontested control over the grain supply to Rome. The result paved the way for Octavian's rise and the eventual transition to the Roman Empire under Augustus.
36 BC
Battle of Naulochus
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
admiral
Octavian
Sextus Pompey
Pompey
Second Triumvirate
301day.year
San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the world's oldest republic still in existence, is founded by Saint Marinus.
San Marino, the world's oldest republic, was founded by Saint Marinus in AD 301 on Mount Titano.
In AD 301, Saint Marinus founded a small Christian community on Mount Titano that would become San Marino. Fleeing persecution, Marinus and his followers established a free republic governed by consuls. Over the centuries, San Marino maintained its independence through diplomacy and strategic alliances. Its uninterrupted republican constitution has endured through Napoleon’s conquests and both World Wars. Today, it stands as the world’s oldest surviving republic and a symbol of enduring sovereignty.
301
San Marino
smallest nations in the world
republic
Saint Marinus
590day.year
Consecration of Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great).
Pope Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, was consecrated in 590, beginning a transformative papacy.
In 590, Gregory I was consecrated as Pope Gregory the Great and began one of the most influential papacies in history. He instituted major liturgical reforms that later inspired the term Gregorian Chant. Gregory restructured the administration of the Church and strengthened the papal states. He launched missionary efforts to convert the Anglo-Saxons and wrote theological works such as the Dialogues. His leadership during crises like the Lombard invasions solidified the Pope’s role as both a spiritual and temporal authority.
590
Pope Gregory I
673day.year
King Wamba of the Visigoths puts down a revolt by Hilderic, governor of Nîmes (France) and rival for the throne.
In 673, King Wamba of the Visigoths quelled Hilderic’s revolt in Nîmes, securing his rule.
In 673, King Wamba of the Visigoths defeated a rebellion led by the governor Hilderic of Nîmes and reaffirmed his control over the kingdom. The revolt posed a significant threat to Wamba’s rule during a period of dynastic uncertainty. Wamba rallied loyal forces and marched south to suppress the uprising with swift military action. The defeat of Hilderic consolidated royal authority and discouraged future insurrections. Wamba’s decisive leadership strengthened the cohesion of the Visigothic realm.
673
Wamba
Visigoths
Hilderic
Nîmes
863day.year
Major Byzantine victory at the Battle of Lalakaon against an Arab raid.
In 863, Byzantine forces won a decisive victory at the Battle of Lalakaon, repelling an Arab raid into Anatolia.
In 863, Byzantine forces under General Petronas achieved a major victory at the Battle of Lalakaon against an Arab raiding army. The battle took place in northeastern Anatolia and halted a series of Abbasid incursions. Superior Byzantine tactics and terrain advantage allowed them to rout the invaders. This triumph restored confidence in the empire’s eastern defenses under Emperor Michael III. The victory paved the way for a period of military resurgence and stabilization along the frontier.
863
Byzantine
Battle of Lalakaon
1189day.year
Richard I of England (a.k.a. Richard "the Lionheart") is crowned at Westminster.
Richard the Lionheart was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey in 1189.
In 1189, Richard I of England, later known as Richard the Lionheart, was crowned at Westminster Abbey. The young king seized the opportunity to secure loyalty from the nobility ahead of the Third Crusade. His coronation ceremony was marked by lavish pageantry and oaths of fealty. Richard’s reputation as a warrior-king was cemented soon after by his exploits in the Holy Land. The event set the stage for his legendary military campaigns and enduring legacy.
1189
Richard I of England
Westminster
1260day.year
The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.
In 1260, the Mamluks halted the Mongol advance with a landmark victory at the Battle of Ain Jalut.
In 1260, the Mamluk Sultanate delivered a crushing defeat to the Mongol army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine. Commanded by Sultan Qutuz and General Baibars, the Mamluks used clever tactics to exploit the Mongols’ vulnerabilities. This engagement marked the first significant Mongol setback and halted their westward expansion. The victory secured the survival of the Islamic world and elevated the Mamluks as a dominant power. Ain Jalut is remembered as a turning point in medieval military history.
1260
Mamluks
Mongols
Battle of Ain Jalut
Palestine
Mongol Empire
1335day.year
At the congress of Visegrád Charles I of Hungary mediates a reconciliation between two neighboring monarchs, John of Bohemia and Casimir III of Poland.
The 1335 Congress of Visegrád saw Charles I of Hungary broker peace between Bohemia and Poland.
In 1335, the Congress of Visegrád brought together Charles I of Hungary, John of Bohemia, and Casimir III of Poland to negotiate peace and cooperation. The diplomatic meeting aimed to resolve border disputes and strengthen trade routes across Central Europe. Under Charles’s mediation, the monarchs agreed to mutual support and non-aggression. The congress fostered stability in the region and laid groundwork for future alliances. It is seen as an early example of successful multilateral diplomacy in medieval Europe.
1335
Charles I of Hungary
John of Bohemia
Casimir III of Poland
1411day.year
The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.
The 1411 Treaty of Selymbria between Venice and the Ottomans established a temporary peace and trade terms.
In 1411, the Treaty of Selymbria was signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice to establish peace and define territorial boundaries. Negotiations in Selymbria (modern Silivri) followed years of frontier skirmishes and shifting alliances. The agreement granted Venice limited trading rights in Ottoman ports and secured a temporary cessation of hostilities. It represented a pragmatic compromise that balanced Venetian maritime interests with Ottoman expansion. The treaty exemplified the evolving diplomatic relations between a rising empire and a major maritime power.
1411
Treaty of Selymbria
Ottoman Empire
Republic of Venice
1650day.year
Victory over the royalists in the Battle of Dunbar opens the way to Edinburgh for the New Model Army in the Third English Civil War.
In 1650, Cromwell's New Model Army won a pivotal victory over Royalists at the Battle of Dunbar.
In 1650, Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army defeated the Royalist forces at the Battle of Dunbar in Scotland. The surprise attack on the Scottish camp led to a decisive Parliamentarian victory with heavy casualties. This triumph opened the way for the English occupation of Edinburgh and further campaigns in Scotland. The outcome drastically weakened Royalist hopes of restoring Charles II to the throne. The battle showcased the discipline and effectiveness of Cromwell’s forces during the Third English Civil War.
1650
Battle of Dunbar
1651day.year
The Battle of Worcester is the last significant action in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
The decisive final battle in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, ending major Royalist resistance.
On 3 September 1651, Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army clashed with King Charles II’s forces at Worcester. This engagement marked the last significant action of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Cromwell’s victory effectively extinguished organized Royalist opposition. King Charles II escaped in disguise and fled to the continent. The outcome secured parliamentary supremacy over England, Scotland, and Ireland. The battle shaped the future of the British Isles for decades to come.
1651
Battle of Worcester
1658day.year
The death of Oliver Cromwell; Richard Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England.
Oliver Cromwell dies and is succeeded by his son Richard as Lord Protector.
On 3 September 1658, Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, died at Whitehall Palace at age 59. His passing brought an end to his strong central leadership. The late Protector’s son, Richard Cromwell, was named as his successor. Lacking his father’s authority, Richard struggled to maintain control over Parliament and the army. Political factions grew restless, setting the stage for the eventual Restoration of the monarchy in 1660. The transition highlighted the fragile nature of the republican experiment in England.
1658
Oliver Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Lord Protector