878day.year
Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII.
In 878, Louis the Stammerer was crowned King of West Francia by Pope John VIII.
On September 7, 878, Pope John VIII crowned Louis the Stammerer as king of West Francia.
The ceremony took place in Rome, strengthening the alliance between the Frankish monarchy and the papacy.
Louis, son of the legendary ruler Charles the Bald, inherited a realm threatened by Viking raids and internal strife.
His coronation symbolized a bid to restore stability and reinforce Frankish identity.
Although his reign was short, lasting only two years, it marked a significant moment in the Carolingian dynasty.
878
Louis the Stammerer
West Francia
Pope John VIII
1159day.year
Cardinal Rolando Bandinelli is elected Pope Alexander III, prompting the election of Cardinal Octaviano Monticelli as Antipope Victor IV the same day.
In 1159, Cardinal Rolando Bandinelli was elected Pope Alexander III, triggering the rise of Antipope Victor IV.
On September 7, 1159, Cardinal Rolando Bandinelli was chosen as Pope Alexander III in Rome.
His election sparked fierce opposition from supporters of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
In response, they elevated Cardinal Octaviano Monticelli as Antipope Victor IV on the same day.
This schism plunged Western Christendom into nearly two decades of papal conflict.
Alexander III would later secure broader recognition and lay foundations for papal authority.
His pontificate saw important reforms and diplomatic engagements across Europe.
1159
Pope Alexander III
Antipope
Victor IV
1191day.year
Third Crusade: Battle of Arsuf: Richard I of England defeats Saladin at Arsuf.
In 1191, Richard the Lionheart secured a key victory against Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf during the Third Crusade.
On September 7, 1191, the English King Richard I, known as the Lionheart, engaged Saladin’s forces at Arsuf.
This battle marked one of the few pitched field victories for the Crusader army in the Holy Land.
Richard’s disciplined cavalry charge broke Saladin’s lines, forcing a strategic withdrawal.
Despite limited strategic gains, the victory boosted Crusader morale and solidified Richard’s reputation.
The battle demonstrated the effectiveness of European heavy cavalry tactics against Muslim armies.
It remains a celebrated episode in the storied campaigns of the Crusades.
1191
Third Crusade
Battle of Arsuf
Richard I of England
Saladin
Arsuf
1228day.year
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II lands in Acre, Israel, and starts the Sixth Crusade, which results in a peaceful restoration of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
In 1228, Emperor Frederick II embarked on the Sixth Crusade, landing at Acre and securing Jerusalem through diplomacy.
On September 7, 1228, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, landed at Acre to commence the Sixth Crusade.
Unlike previous Crusades, Frederick sought negotiation over direct combat with Muslim rulers.
Through diplomatic efforts and a treaty with Sultan Al-Kamil, he regained Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem.
This peaceful restoration surprised contemporaries accustomed to bloody sieges and battles.
Frederick’s approach highlighted the potential of diplomacy in medieval holy wars.
His return to Europe with relics and territorial gains bolstered his prestige at home.
1228
Frederick II
Acre, Israel
Sixth Crusade
Kingdom of Jerusalem
1303day.year
Guillaume de Nogaret takes Pope Boniface VIII prisoner on behalf of Philip IV of France.
In 1303, Guillaume de Nogaret, on behalf of King Philip IV of France, arrested Pope Boniface VIII at Anagni.
On September 7, 1303, Guillaume de Nogaret led French forces to the papal palace at Anagni.
He arrested Pope Boniface VIII under orders from Philip IV, accusing him of political meddling.
The dramatic capture, known as the Outrage of Anagni, shocked Christendom.
Although Boniface was quickly freed by local supporters, his health and authority never fully recovered.
This conflict epitomized the struggle between monarchy and papacy over power and taxation.
It set a precedent for the Avignon Papacy and the shifting balance of medieval European politics.
1303
Guillaume de Nogaret
Pope Boniface VIII
Philip IV of France
1571day.year
Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, is arrested for his role in the Ridolfi plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots.
In 1571, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, was arrested for his part in the Ridolfi plot against Queen Elizabeth I.
On September 7, 1571, Thomas Howard, the wealthiest English nobleman, was detained at the Tower of London.
He was implicated in the Ridolfi plot, aiming to assassinate Elizabeth I and place Mary, Queen of Scots, on the throne.
The conspiracy involved high-ranking English and Spanish officials eager to restore Catholic rule.
Howard’s arrest underscored Elizabeth’s vigilance against threats to her Protestant regime.
He faced trial for treason but was ultimately executed in 1572.
The plot’s exposure heightened tensions between England and Catholic Europe, shaping Elizabethan politics.
1571
Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk
Ridolfi plot
Elizabeth I
Mary, Queen of Scots
1620day.year
The town of Kokkola (Swedish: Karleby) is founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
In 1620, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden founded the town of Kokkola (Karleby) in present-day Finland.
On September 7, 1620, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden granted a charter for the town of Kokkola, also known as Karleby.
Located on the Gulf of Bothnia, it was designed as a trading and fishing hub.
The new settlement aimed to boost economic development in the Swedish realm’s Finnish territories.
Over time, Kokkola grew into a vibrant community known for tar manufacturing and shipbuilding.
Its founding marked a strategic effort to strengthen Sweden’s maritime trade routes.
Today, Kokkola celebrates its multicultural heritage and historical ties to the Swedish crown.
1620
Kokkola
Swedish
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
1630day.year
The city of Boston, Massachusetts, is founded in North America.
In 1630, Puritan settlers established the city of Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
On September 7, 1630, a group of Puritan colonists led by John Winthrop established Boston on the Shawmut Peninsula.
The settlement quickly became the political and commercial heart of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Its strategic harbor facilitated trade with Europe and the Caribbean, fueling growth.
Boston’s founding reflected the Puritans’ quest for religious freedom and communal governance.
Over the centuries, it evolved into a major cultural and educational center.
The city’s origins are celebrated each year during Boston’s annual Charter Day festivities.
1630
Boston
1652day.year
Around 15,000 Han farmers and militia rebel against Dutch rule on Taiwan.
In 1652, approximately 15,000 Han Chinese farmers and militia rebelled against Dutch colonial rule on Taiwan.
On September 7, 1652, discontented Han settlers rose in rebellion against the Dutch East India Company in Taiwan.
Led by local militia leaders, the uprising was fueled by heavy taxation and restrictions on farming.
The rebels seized several Dutch forts, disrupting colonial administration.
Despite initial successes, the revolt was eventually suppressed by superior Dutch forces.
This early resistance foreshadowed later struggles for control over Taiwan.
The conflict highlighted the complexities of colonial rule and settler-native relations.
1652
Han
rebel
Dutch rule
Taiwan
1695day.year
Henry Every perpetrates one of the most profitable pirate raids in history with the capture of the Grand Mughal ship Ganj-i-Sawai. In response, Emperor Aurangzeb threatens to end all English trading in India.
In 1695, pirate Henry Every captured the ship Ganj-i-Sawai, launching one of history’s most lucrative raids.
On September 7, 1695, pirate captain Henry Every and his crew seized the Ganj-i-Sawai, a treasure-laden vessel of the Mughal Empire.
The raid yielded immense riches, including gold, silver, and precious gems.
News of the attack enraged Emperor Aurangzeb, who threatened to halt all English trade in India.
The incident sparked one of the first international manhunts, with Every’s name becoming notorious across Europe and Asia.
Although Every escaped capture, the raid marked the zenith of Golden Age piracy.
It profoundly impacted maritime policy and colonial commerce in the Indian Ocean.
1695
Henry Every
Ganj-i-Sawai
Aurangzeb
1706day.year
War of the Spanish Succession: Siege of Turin ends, leading to the withdrawal of French forces from North Italy.
The Siege of Turin during the War of the Spanish Succession concluded with a decisive relief by allied forces, forcing the French to evacuate Northern Italy.
On September 7, 1706, after months of blockade, the Siege of Turin reached its climax as Imperial forces under Prince Eugene broke through French lines.
This victory marked a turning point in the War of the Spanish Succession, undermining French dominance in the region.
The French army withdrew from Northern Italy, shifting the balance of power in favor of the Grand Alliance.
The success boosted the reputation of Prince Eugene and strengthened the Habsburg position in Italy.
It also paved the way for subsequent Allied advances, reshaping the geopolitical landscape of early 18th-century Europe.
1706
War of the Spanish Succession
Siege of Turin
1764day.year
Election of Stanisław August Poniatowski as the last ruler of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In 1764, Stanisław August Poniatowski was chosen as the final monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, marking the last royal election of the historic union.
In a pivotal election on September 7, 1764, the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth elected Stanisław August Poniatowski as king.
Supported by Russia, his ascension highlighted the growing influence of neighboring powers over Polish affairs.
Poniatowski's reign would be marked by ambitious reforms aimed at strengthening the state and modernizing its institutions.
Despite his efforts, internal divisions and foreign interventions limited his ability to preserve the Commonwealth.
His election foreshadowed the eventual partitions of Poland and the loss of sovereignty by the end of the 18th century.
1764
Stanisław August Poniatowski
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth