337day.year
Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti.
After the death of Constantine I, his three sons—Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans—become co-emperors, dividing the Roman Empire among them.
In 337 AD, Emperor Constantine I passed away, leading to the elevation of his three sons to the imperial office. Constantine II took control of the western provinces, Constans ruled the central regions, and Constantius II governed the eastern territories. This tripartite arrangement marked the first time the empire was formally partitioned among Augusti. The decision aimed to stabilize governance but also sowed seeds of rivalry. Each brother now held supreme authority in his domain, with distinct military and administrative hierarchies. The division reflected both Constantine I’s legacy and the complexities of dynastic rule. It set a precedent for the power-sharing experiments that would recur in later Roman history.
337
Constantine II
Constantius II
Constans
Constantine I
Roman Empire
Augusti
1488day.year
Anne becomes sovereign Duchess of Brittany, becoming a central figure in the struggle for influence that leads to the union of Brittany and France.
Anne of Brittany ascends as the sovereign Duchess in 1488, playing a key role in Brittany’s eventual union with France.
In 1488, following the death of her father Francis II, Anne of Brittany, at thirteen years old, inherited the ducal crown and became Duchess of Brittany. Her accession triggered a power struggle between the duchy and the French crown, as King Charles VIII sought to assert his influence. Anne’s marriage negotiations became central to diplomatic efforts, with both France and England vying for her hand. Her eventual union with Charles VIII in 1491 led to the formal integration of Brittany into the French kingdom. Throughout her reign, Anne worked to preserve Breton autonomy and culture, commissioning illuminated manuscripts and supporting local institutions. She was known for her political acumen and patronage of the arts. Anne’s tenure as duchess laid the groundwork for the modern borders of France and the decline of independent Breton rule.
1488
Anne
Duchess of Brittany
union of Brittany and France
1543day.year
Mary Stuart, at nine months old, is crowned "Queen of Scots" in the central Scottish town of Stirling.
At nine months old, Mary Stuart is crowned Queen of Scots in Stirling in 1543, positioning her as a key figure in Scotland’s turbulent history.
On September 9, 1543, Mary, Queen of Scots, was crowned at the Church of the Holy Rude in Stirling, Scotland. The infant monarch succeeded her father, King James V, who died earlier that year. Nobles of Scotland swore fealty to the tiny queen and vowed to protect her realm during her minority. The coronation ceremony blended Catholic ritual with ancestral Scottish traditions. Mary’s early reign was dominated by regents, including her mother, Mary of Guise, navigating between pro-French and pro-English factions. Her crowning in Stirling Castle solidified her royal status and Gaelic heritage. The event set the stage for the complex alliances and conflicts that defined her life and the Reformation in Scotland. Mary’s legacy as queen consort of France and later contested monarch would shape British history for decades.
1543
Mary Stuart
crowned
Queen of Scots
Stirling
1561day.year
The ultimately unsuccessful Colloquy of Poissy opens in an effort to reconcile French Catholics and Protestants.
The Colloquy of Poissy was a major 1561 assembly aiming to reconcile French Catholics and Protestants, ultimately failing to bridge their religious divide.
In September 1561, King Charles IX of France called together leading theologians from Catholic and Protestant factions to the royal court at Poissy.
The aim was to narrow theological differences and prevent religious civil war in France.
High-ranking clerics such as the Catholic Bishop of Rennes and Protestant theologian Theodore Beza participated in rigorous debates.
Despite hopes for compromise, deep doctrinal disagreements over the Eucharist and papal authority persisted.
The colloquy ended without a formal resolution, reinforcing divisions that would soon lead to the French Wars of Religion.
Though unsuccessful, the Colloquy of Poissy is remembered as a key moment in early modern attempts at religious coexistence.
1561
Colloquy of Poissy
French Catholics
Protestants
1776day.year
The Continental Congress officially names its union of states the United States.
On September 9, 1776, the Continental Congress officially designated the union of American colonies as the 'United States.'
Following the Declaration of Independence, the Second Continental Congress debated how to refer to the new nation.
On September 9, 1776, a resolution proposed by Richard Henry Lee adopted the name 'United States' in official documents.
This marked a shift from 'United Colonies' and underscored the confederated nature of the states.
The decision appeared in the first official printing of the Declaration at the end of October.
While largely symbolic at the time, the name 'United States of America' would become synonymous with the emerging nation.
The resolution reflected the founders' vision of a unified republic formed by sovereign states.
1776
Continental Congress
union
1791day.year
Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, is named after President George Washington.
The fledgling capital of the United States was officially named Washington, D.C., honoring President George Washington.
Established by the Residence Act of 1790, a new federal district was selected on the Potomac River.
On September 9, 1791, the district and the federal city received their official names.
President George Washington, who had selected the site, lent his name to the new capital city and federal territory.
The 'D.C.' stood for Columbia, the poetic name for America at the time.
This naming set a precedent for honoring the nation's first president and shaped the identity of the U.S. seat of government.
Over time, Washington, D.C. would grow into a symbol of American democracy and power.
1791
Washington, D.C.
George Washington
1801day.year
Alexander I of Russia confirms the privileges of Baltic provinces.
Tsar Alexander I confirmed the historic privileges of the Baltic provinces under Russian rule, preserving local laws and autonomy.
After ascending the throne in March 1801, Alexander I sought to stabilize the Russian Empire and win support from regional elites.
On September 9, he issued a manifesto affirming the traditional rights and privileges of Estonia, Livonia, and Courland.
These Baltic provinces had enjoyed special legal status since the era of Swedish and Polish rule.
By upholding local autonomy, the German-speaking nobility maintained control over provincial institutions.
The decree helped smooth relations between the imperial center and regional aristocracy.
It also reinforced Alexander's early image as a reform-minded monarch within the empire.
1801
Alexander I of Russia
Baltic provinces
1850day.year
The Compromise of 1850 transfers a third of Texas's claimed territory to federal control in return for the U.S. federal government assuming $10 million of Texas's pre-annexation debt.
The Compromise of 1850 transferred part of Texas territory to federal control in exchange for the U.S. government assuming $10 million of Texas's debt.
Amid growing sectional tensions over slavery and state boundaries, Congress debated Texas's vast territorial claims.
On September 9, 1850, the Compromise of 1850 took effect, reducing Texas's land by one-third.
In return, the federal government agreed to assume $10 million of the state's pre-annexation debt.
The legislation also admitted California as a free state and strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act.
Texas retained control of its public lands in exchange for ceding western claims.
This delicate balance sought to ease North-South divisions, though many provisions soon reignited controversy.
1850
Compromise of 1850
Texas
Texas
1850day.year
California is admitted as the thirty-first U.S. state.
On September 9, 1850, California was admitted to the United States as its thirty-first state.
The admission of California to the Union marked the culmination of the Gold Rush era.
It was part of the Compromise of 1850, balancing free and slave states.
California skipped territorial status and joined as a free state, shaping the sectional tensions ahead of the Civil War.
Its rapid population growth challenged federal policies and set precedents for statehood admissions.
The new state's entry influenced American politics and the expansion of the western frontier.
California's rich mineral resources and booming economy made it a valuable addition to the nation.
California
U.S. state
1923day.year
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey, founds the Republican People's Party.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded the Republican People's Party on September 9, 1923, becoming Turkey's first political party.
The Republican People's Party (CHP) was established to consolidate power during Turkey's transition to a republic.
Atatürk aimed to implement secular and modernizing reforms through a single-party system.
CHP structured the political foundation of the new state, promoting nationalism and republicanism.
Its policies included legal, educational, and cultural reforms that shaped contemporary Turkey.
The party remained the sole legal party until multi-party politics emerged after World War II.
CHP's legacy continues as a major force in Turkish politics and social policy.
1923
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Republic of Turkey
Republican People's Party
1936day.year
The crews of Portuguese Navy frigate NRP Afonso de Albuquerque and destroyer Dão mutinied against the Salazar dictatorship's support of General Franco's coup and declared their solidarity with the Spanish Republic.
Portuguese sailors mutinied on September 9, 1936, denouncing Salazar's support for Franco and pledging allegiance to the Spanish Republic.
Crews of the frigate NRP Afonso de Albuquerque and destroyer Dão rebelled against Portugal's Estado Novo regime.
The mutineers protested Prime Minister Salazar's backing of General Franco during the Spanish Civil War.
They hoisted Republican flags and issued proclamations of solidarity with the Spanish Republic.
The revolt was quickly suppressed by loyalist naval forces and government authorities.
Many sailors were arrested, exiled, or forced into service on distant assignments.
This brief uprising highlighted divisions within the Portuguese military over foreign policy.
1936
Portuguese Navy
NRP Afonso de Albuquerque
Dão
mutinied
Salazar dictatorship
General Franco
Spanish Republic
1939day.year
Burmese national hero U Ottama dies in prison after a hunger strike to protest Britain's colonial government.
Burmese nationalist monk U Ottama died in prison after a hunger strike protesting British colonial rule.
U Ottama was a leading figure in Burma's independence movement and one of its first political monks.
In 1939, he embarked on a hunger strike in Mandalay to protest oppressive British policies.
His health deteriorated during the strike, and he was imprisoned by colonial authorities.
On 9 September 1939, U Ottama died in custody, becoming a martyr for Burmese nationalism.
His sacrifice inspired future generations of activists and is remembered as a key moment in Burma's struggle for independence.
U Ottama
hunger strike
colonial government