506day.year
The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
In 506, bishops of Visigothic Gaul convened in Agde to establish key canons governing church discipline and property.
In the summer of 506, church leaders gathered in the port city of Agde.
Seventy bishops and clerical representatives from across Visigothic Gaul attended the council.
They debated and issued canons on clerical conduct, liturgical uniformity, and church property management.
The resulting decrees helped standardize ecclesiastical discipline throughout the region.
These canons influenced the development of medieval canon law for centuries.
506
Council of Agde
1089day.year
The first synod of pope Urban II starts in Melfi, with seventy bishops and twelve abbots in attendance. The synod issues several decrees about church law and deals with the relation with the Greek part of the Church.
Pope Urban II's inaugural synod at Melfi in 1089 issued pivotal decrees on church law and East-West relations.
On September 10, 1089, Pope Urban II convened his first synod in the city of Melfi.
Seventy bishops and twelve abbots attended to discuss reforms in clerical discipline and ecclesiastical courts.
The assembly produced canons regulating church property and legal procedures.
It also addressed tensions between the Latin Church and its Greek counterparts.
The synod reinforced papal authority and set the stage for future reforms in Christendom.
1089
first synod
pope Urban II
Melfi
1419day.year
John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France.
John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, was assassinated in 1419, intensifying the Armagnac–Burgundian conflict during the Hundred Years' War.
On September 10, 1419, Duke John the Fearless of Burgundy was murdered on a bridge at Montereau.
The assassination was carried out by supporters of the Dauphin, the future King Charles VII of France.
This act shattered hopes for peace between the rival Armagnac and Burgundian factions.
It deepened internal divisions in France at a critical juncture of the Hundred Years' War.
The duke's death drove Burgundy into alliance with England, altering the course of the conflict.
1419
is assassinated
Charles VII of France
1515day.year
Thomas Wolsey is invested as a Cardinal.
In 1515, Thomas Wolsey was elevated to Cardinal, solidifying his position as Henry VIII's most powerful advisor.
On September 10, 1515, Thomas Wolsey received the red hat of Cardinal from Pope Leo X.
This elevation crowned his rise from humble origins to the highest ranks of the English clergy.
As Cardinal, Wolsey held immense sway over both church affairs and royal policy.
He directed foreign diplomacy, domestic reforms, and church administration under Henry VIII.
His influence marked a pinnacle of clerical power in Tudor England.
1515
Thomas Wolsey
1573day.year
German pirate Klein Henszlein and 33 of his crew are beheaded in Hamburg.
In 1573, infamous pirate Klein Henszlein and thirty-three of his crew were executed by beheading in Hamburg as a stark warning to corsairs.
On September 10, 1573, Klein Henszlein and thirty-three associates stood trial in Hamburg for acts of piracy in the Baltic Sea.
Condemned by the city's senate, they were publicly beheaded in the town square.
The execution drew large crowds, reflecting the era's harsh maritime law enforcement.
It marked the decline of organized piracy in the region.
Hamburg authorities used the spectacle to assert control over naval trade routes.
1573
Klein Henszlein
beheaded
Hamburg
1607day.year
Edward Maria Wingfield is ousted as first president of the governing council of the Colony of Virginia; he is replaced by John Ratcliffe.
In 1607, Edward Maria Wingfield was deposed as president of Virginia's governing council, with John Ratcliffe assuming leadership amidst colony struggles.
Following disputes over resource distribution and leadership styles, Edward Maria Wingfield was removed from office on September 10, 1607.
John Ratcliffe was elected by council members to replace him as president of the Virginia colony.
The transition reflected deep divisions among settlers over governance and relations with native tribes.
Wingfield's departure underscored the fragility of England's first permanent North American settlement.
These early power struggles shaped the future political culture of Jamestown.
1607
Edward Maria Wingfield
Colony of Virginia
John Ratcliffe
1608day.year
John Smith is elected council president of Jamestown, Virginia.
In 1608, John Smith was elected council president of Jamestown, Virginia, providing the fledgling colony with its first local government.
In 1608, the Virginia Company of London appointed John Smith as council president of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America. His election marked an early experiment in colonial self-government, where settlers had a voice in local affairs. Smith's leadership helped enforce laws, allocate land, and manage relations with Indigenous peoples. Under his presidency, the settlers implemented regulations to improve discipline and productivity. This event set a precedent for representative governance in the New World, influencing future colonial charters and political thought. Jamestown's council system laid the foundation for the development of American democratic institutions.
1608
John Smith
1622day.year
Fifty-five Christians are executed in Nagasaki during the Great Genna Martyrdom
In 1622, fifty-five Christians were executed in Nagasaki during the Great Genna Martyrdom under Japan's Tokugawa shogunate.
In 1622, the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan carried out the Great Genna Martyrdom, executing fifty-five Christians in Nagasaki. The persecution stemmed from fears that Christianity undermined social order and threatened the shogunate's authority. Missionaries and converts were targeted in a campaign to eradicate foreign influence and enforce national isolation. Public executions were intended to deter the spread of the faith among Japanese citizens. Despite the brutal crackdown, underground Christian communities persisted in secret. This event remains a poignant example of religious suppression and the resilience of faith under oppression.
1622
Nagasaki
Great Genna Martyrdom
1640day.year
Reapers' War: Junta de Braços (Assembly of Estates) of the Principality of Catalonia summoned. It assumes the sovereignty and enacts a series of revolutionary mesures which will lead to the Catalan Republic.
In 1640 during the Reapers' War, Catalonia's Assembly of Estates assumed sovereignty, paving the way toward the Catalan Republic.
On September 10, 1640, amid the Reapers' War against Spanish rule, the Principality of Catalonia's Junta de Braços (Assembly of Estates) convened and declared itself sovereign. Rejecting the authority of King Philip IV of Spain, the assembly enacted revolutionary measures to govern Catalonia independently. It appointed a committee to oversee military, fiscal, and administrative affairs, consolidating local power. These actions directly challenged the Spanish monarchy and escalated the conflict into open rebellion. The assembly's decisions laid the groundwork for the short-lived Catalan Republic and influenced subsequent alliances with France. This bold assertion of self-rule marked a turning point in Catalan history and early modern European politics.
1640
Reapers' War
Junta de Braços
Estates
Principality of Catalonia
Catalan Republic
1898day.year
Empress Elisabeth of Austria is assassinated by Luigi Lucheni.
In 1898, Empress Elisabeth of Austria was fatally stabbed in Geneva by Italian anarchist Luigi Lucheni.
Empress Elisabeth of Austria, known as Sisi, was assassinated on 10 September 1898 in Geneva, Switzerland. Luigi Lucheni, an Italian anarchist, targeted the Empress with a homemade file after tracking her small entourage along the lakeshore. The killing shocked the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Europe at large, as Elisabeth had renounced strict court life and traveled incognito. Lucheni claimed his act was meant to strike a blow against monarchy and privilege. Elisabeth died shortly after the attack, and the assassin was swiftly apprehended by local authorities. Her death prompted tighter security measures for royal figures and ignited debates over anarchist violence. Sisi's tragic end overshadowed her celebrated beauty and independent spirit.
1898
Empress Elisabeth of Austria
Luigi Lucheni
1919day.year
The Republic of German-Austria signs the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, ceding significant territories to Italy, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.
The Republic of German-Austria signed the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, ceding territories to Italy, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.
On 10 September 1919, the Republic of German-Austria signed the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye with the Allied powers, formally defining its postwar boundaries following World War I. Under the treaty, Austria ceded South Tyrol to Italy, Styria and Carinthia to Yugoslavia, and portions of Bohemia and Moravia to Czechoslovakia. These territorial losses dramatically reduced Austria's land area and population, creating sizable German-speaking minority communities abroad. The treaty also prohibited political union with Germany and imposed strict limitations on Austria's military forces. Economic reparations and financial constraints deepened Austria's postwar hardships and instability. While the agreement laid the foundation for the modern Austrian state, it also fueled nationalist resentments that would later influence regional politics.
1919
Republic of German-Austria
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1937day.year
Nine nations attend the Nyon Conference to address international piracy in the Mediterranean Sea.
Nine nations met at the Nyon Conference to tackle piracy in the Mediterranean Sea.
On 10 September 1937, nine European nations met at the Nyon Conference in Switzerland to address escalating piracy and attacks on merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. British and French delegates spearheaded negotiations in response to Italian-backed naval raids amid the Spanish Civil War. The resulting agreements established joint naval patrol zones and rules of engagement authorizing the boarding of suspect vessels. Although Italy did not fully subscribe to the pact, the measures led to a sharp decline in pirate incidents. The conference became a landmark example of multilateral maritime security cooperation and strengthened Allied naval coordination in the region.
1937
Nyon Conference