September 13

Born in 1533 into a wealthy family in southwestern France. Steeped in classical learning, he served as mayor of Bordeaux before retiring to write. His seminal work, Essais (1580), introduced personal reflection and skepticism to literature. Explored themes of human nature, education, and morality with candid introspection. Championed tolerance and moderation during Europe's religious conflicts. His influence endures in philosophy, literature, and the modern essay form.

Feuerbach’s work "The Essence of Christianity" argued that theological concepts are human projections. He proposed an anthropological approach to philosophy, emphasizing human nature and needs. His critique of religion influenced later thinkers like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Feuerbach’s writings bridged philosophy, theology, and anthropology, challenging established beliefs. He played a key role in 19th-century German intellectual history by advocating a human-centered worldview.

Born in Delhi in 1905, Zaheer studied in London before returning to India to challenge colonial and feudal norms through literature. In 1932, he co-founded the Progressive Writers' Association, publishing the controversial anthology Angarey. His essays on class struggle and anti-imperialism made him a leading Marxist intellectual. Arrested in the 1929 Meerut Conspiracy Case, he continued to write upon release, shaping political discourse in pre- and post-independence India. His work remains influential in South Asian literary and philosophical circles.