275day.year
For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus.
In 275, after the death of Emperor Aurelian, the Roman Senate held its final vote to elect Marcus Claudius Tacitus as emperor.
In 275, after the death of Emperor Aurelian, the Roman Senate held its final vote to elect Marcus Claudius Tacitus as emperor. Tacitus, a seasoned statesman aged 75, was chosen in an attempt to restore senatorial influence over imperial succession. His election marked the last time this ancient institution directly shaped Rome's leadership. Despite his reputation for integrity, Tacitus's reign lasted only six months amid political turmoil and military pressures. Historians view his short tenure as symbolic of the Senate's fading power and the growing dominance of the army in imperial affairs.
275
Marcus Claudius Tacitus
762day.year
Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate.
In 762, Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya led the Hasanid Alids in a revolt against the ruling Abbasid Caliphate.
On September 25, 762, Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, a descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib, launched an uprising known as the Alid Revolt in Medina. The Hasanid branch sought to challenge Abbasid authority and restore leadership to the family of the Prophet Muhammad. Despite initial local support, the revolt was met with swift repression by Abbasid forces. The insurrection underscored deep divisions within early Islamic society over legitimate caliphal succession. Although the revolt was quashed, it inspired subsequent Shiite movements and shaped the political landscape of the Muslim world.
762
Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya
Alid Revolt
1066day.year
In the Battle of Stamford Bridge, Harald Hardrada, the invading King of Norway, is defeated by King Harold II of England.
In 1066, King Harold II of England defeated Harald Hardrada of Norway at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
On September 25, 1066, the Battle of Stamford Bridge took place near York, marking a decisive victory for King Harold II of England over the invading Norwegian force led by Harald Hardrada. The clash, resulting from Harald's attempt to claim the English throne, ended with the death of Hardrada and most of his army. Although Harold's triumph temporarily secured his kingdom, his troops were left exhausted and diminished. This setback weakened Harold's forces ahead of the pivotal Battle of Hastings only weeks later. The battle is often cited as one of the last major Viking incursions into England and a turning point in medieval British history.
1066
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Harald Hardrada
Harold II of England
1237day.year
England and Scotland sign the Treaty of York, establishing the location of their common border.
In 1237, England and Scotland formalized their border with the signing of the Treaty of York.
On September 25, 1237, King Henry III of England and King Alexander II of Scotland ratified the Treaty of York, establishing a defined boundary between the two kingdoms. The agreement resolved longstanding territorial disputes and helped stabilize relations along the Anglo-Scottish frontier. By delineating borders from the Solway Firth to the River Tweed, the treaty provided clarity for both English and Scottish nobles. It remained largely unaltered for centuries, influencing future diplomacy and conflicts. Historians regard the Treaty of York as a milestone in medieval British statecraft.
1237
Treaty of York
1396day.year
Ottoman Emperor Bayezid I defeats a Christian army at the Battle of Nicopolis.
In 1396, Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I decisively defeated a Crusader army at the Battle of Nicopolis.
On September 25, 1396, near Nicopolis in modern-day Bulgaria, Ottoman forces under Sultan Bayezid I routed a crusader army composed of French, Hungarian, and Burgundian knights. The confrontation, known as the Battle of Nicopolis, was one of the last large-scale crusades of the Middle Ages. Bayezid's skilled use of cavalry and archers overwhelmed the heavily armored European knights. The defeat shattered the crusading coalition and solidified Ottoman dominance in the Balkans. This victory paved the way for further Ottoman expansion into southeastern Europe and reshaped the region's political landscape.
1396
Battle of Nicopolis
1513day.year
Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches what would become known as the Pacific Ocean.
In 1513, Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa became the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean from the New World.
On September 25, 1513, after an arduous crossing of the Isthmus of Panama, Vasco Núñez de Balboa reached a ridge overlooking a vast ocean, which he claimed for Spain. Naming it the South Sea, Balboa's discovery revealed a hidden gateway between the Atlantic and the Pacific. His expedition demonstrated the strategic and economic potential of establishing a Spanish presence on the Pacific coast. Balboa's achievement opened the door to trans-Pacific exploration and trade, heralding a new era of global navigation. Although he was later arrested and executed, Balboa's legacy endures as a pioneering figure in the Age of Discovery.
1513
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
1555day.year
The Peace of Augsburg is signed by Emperor Charles V and the princes of the Schmalkaldic League.
In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg was signed, granting legal recognition to Lutheranism within the Holy Roman Empire.
On September 25, 1555, Emperor Charles V and the princes of the Schmalkaldic League signed the Peace of Augsburg, bringing an end to religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire. The agreement introduced the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, allowing rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism for their territories. While it established a temporary religious settlement, it excluded other Protestant faiths such as Calvinism. The Peace of Augsburg represented a landmark in the history of religious tolerance and state sovereignty. Its legacy influenced future treaties and laid groundwork for the modern concept of religious freedom.
1555
Peace of Augsburg
1690day.year
Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick, the first newspaper to appear in the Americas, is published for the first and only time.
In 1690, the first newspaper in the Americas, Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick, was published for a single issue.
On September 25, 1690, Benjamin Harris printed the inaugural and only issue of Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick in Boston, making it the first newspaper published in the American colonies. The paper covered local and international news, including reports on wars, politics, and societal events. However, colonial authorities suppressed the publication due to its unlicensed printing and controversial content. No subsequent editions were released, but the brief venture laid the groundwork for colonial journalism. Publick Occurrences is celebrated today as a pioneering milestone in the history of American media.
1690
Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick
1768day.year
Unification of Nepal
In 1768, Prithvi Narayan Shah completed his conquest and unified Nepal under the Shah dynasty.
On September 25, 1768, King Prithvi Narayan Shah triumphantly entered Kathmandu, marking the culmination of his campaign to unify numerous principalities into a single Nepali state. His strategic conquests and diplomatic alliances over preceding years had gradually brought valley kingdoms under his authority. The unification laid the foundation for modern Nepal, consolidating diverse ethnic groups and languages under centralized rule. Prithvi Narayan Shah's vision emphasized autonomy from British colonial influence and promoted self-reliance. His legacy endures as the architect of Nepal's national identity and territorial integrity.
1768
Unification of Nepal
1775day.year
American Revolution: Ethan Allen surrenders to British forces after attempting to capture Montreal during the Battle of Longue-Pointe.
In 1775, Ethan Allen surrendered to British forces during his attempt to capture Montreal at the Battle of Longue-Pointe in the American Revolution.
On September 25, 1775, American Revolutionary leader Ethan Allen led an assault on Montreal but was ambushed and captured by British troops at Longue-Pointe. Allen's daring raid aimed to spark Canadian support for the Revolutionary cause but ended in his surrender and imprisonment. His capture highlighted the challenges faced by colonial forces operating outside familiar terrain. Despite this setback, Allen remained a folk hero and continued to advocate for American independence. The incident underscored the early uncertainties of the Revolutionary War and the complex dynamics in Canada.
1775
American Revolution
Battle of Longue-Pointe
1775day.year
American Revolution: Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec sets off.
Benedict Arnold embarks on a perilous expedition to Quebec during the American Revolution, aiming to surprise British forces.
On September 25, 1775, Colonel Benedict Arnold departed from Cambridge alongside his small army bound for the Province of Quebec to surprise British forces. The expedition endured dense forests, freezing temperatures, and harsh river crossings. Many soldiers fell ill or perished from disease and starvation during the arduous trek. Arnold's determination kept the force moving toward the targeted siege of Quebec City in December. Despite the heroic effort, the campaign ultimately failed due to extreme conditions and strengthened British defenses. The journey exemplified the perilous challenges faced by the Continental Army in its northern strategies. Historians regard the expedition as one of the most grueling undertakings of the American Revolution.
Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec
1786day.year
The mine of Huancavelica in the Peruvian Andes collapses killing more than hundred people. The event was a major setback for quicksilver production in the Spanish Empire.
A deadly collapse at Peru's Huancavelica quicksilver mine kills over a hundred workers, disrupting mercury production vital to the Spanish Empire.
On September 25, 1786, a catastrophic cave-in occurred in the Huancavelica quicksilver mine high in the Peruvian Andes. Timber supports gave way deep underground, trapping and killing more than a hundred miners. Huancavelica was the Spanish Empire's main source of mercury, essential for silver extraction across its American colonies. The sudden loss of production dealt a severe blow to colonial finances and the global silver trade. Rescue efforts struggled with narrow shafts and toxic air, underscoring the perilous working conditions of 18th-century mining. The disaster prompted calls for improved safety measures, though significant reforms would take decades to implement. The event remains one of the deadliest mining tragedies in South American history.
1786
Huancavelica
quicksilver
Spanish Empire