1066day.year
William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
William the Conqueror set sail from the Somme in 1066, launching the Norman conquest of England.
In 1066, Duke William of Normandy assembled a large invasion force on the coast of Northern France.
He departed from the mouth of the Somme river on 27 September, braving the English Channel with thousands of soldiers, knights, and horses.
William claimed the English throne after the death of Edward the Confessor and prepared to challenge King Harold II.
The fleet navigated dangerous waters and stood as a testament to Norman maritime skill and ambition.
This daring crossing set the stage for the Battle of Hastings and the eventual Norman rule over England.
1066
William the Conqueror
Norman conquest of England
1331day.year
The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order. The Poles are defeated but their leaders escape capture.
The Battle of Płowce in 1331 saw Polish forces clash with the Teutonic Order, resulting in a hard-fought encounter.
In 1331, near the village of Płowce in Kuyavia, the Kingdom of Poland confronted the Teutonic Order in a fierce battle.
Although the Polish army was ultimately forced to retreat, its leadership escaped capture, preserving key military figures.
The clash reflected ongoing territorial disputes and power struggles between Poland and the crusading knights.
Despite the Polish defeat, the engagement demonstrated Poland’s resilience and tactical skill on the battlefield.
The battle influenced subsequent negotiations and the strategic landscape of medieval Eastern Europe.
1331
Battle of Płowce
1422day.year
After the brief Gollub War, the Teutonic Knights sign the Treaty of Melno with Poland and Lithuania.
The Treaty of Melno was signed in 1422, ending the Gollub War between the Teutonic Knights, Poland, and Lithuania.
After months of conflict in the Gollub War, representatives of the Teutonic Order met with Polish and Lithuanian envoys in Melno on 27 September 1422.
The treaty established firm borders, with the Prussian territories largely retained by the Order and the Baltic coast remaining under Polish-Lithuanian control.
This diplomatic agreement concluded the brief but intense Gollub War and brought stability to the region.
The treaty’s provisions endured for centuries, shaping relations and territorial claims in northeastern Europe.
It marked a rare moment of negotiated peace amid the era’s frequent military confrontations.
1422
Gollub War
Treaty of Melno
1529day.year
The Siege of Vienna begins when Suleiman I attacks the city.
In 1529, Suleiman the Magnificent launched the first Siege of Vienna, testing the limits of Ottoman expansion into Europe.
On 27 September 1529, Sultan Suleiman I led Ottoman forces to the walls of Vienna, aiming to extend the empire’s reach into Central Europe.
The siege represented the pinnacle of Ottoman military campaigns in the West and a direct threat to the Habsburg dynasty.
Vienna’s fortifications and the resilience of its defenders slowed the Ottoman advance despite overwhelming numbers.
Protracted engagements around the city’s outer walls and supply lines defined the months-long struggle.
Though ultimately unsuccessful, this siege highlighted the strategic importance of Vienna and shaped European defenses for centuries.
1529
Siege of Vienna
1540day.year
The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) receives its charter from Pope Paul III.
The Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits, received papal approval in 1540, founding a major Catholic order.
On 27 September 1540, Pope Paul III formally approved the charter for the Society of Jesus, granting it official status within the Catholic Church.
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, the Jesuits committed themselves to education, missionary work, and the spiritual reform of the Church.
Their rigorous intellectual training and global missions would soon spread Catholicism to the Americas and Asia.
The order’s emphasis on schools and universities transformed education and scholarship throughout Europe.
From its first members, the Society of Jesus became a leading force in the Counter-Reformation and global engagement.
1540
Society of Jesus
Pope Paul III
1605day.year
The armies of Sweden are defeated by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Battle of Kircholm.
In 1605, Polish-Lithuanian forces achieved a decisive victory over Sweden at the Battle of Kircholm.
On 27 September 1605, near the village of Kircholm (present-day Salaspils, Latvia), the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth faced a Swedish invasion force.
Under Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, the Commonwealth’s cavalry executed a stunning flanking maneuver against the Swedes.
Despite being outnumbered, the Commonwealth troops routed the enemy, inflicting heavy casualties.
This battle is celebrated for the Commonwealth’s legendary winged hussars and their battlefield prowess.
The victory at Kircholm shifted the balance during the Polish-Swedish wars and secured regional influence for years.
1605
Battle of Kircholm
1669day.year
The Venetians surrender the fortress of Candia to the Ottomans, thus ending the 21-year-long Siege of Candia.
The 21-year Siege of Candia ended in 1669 with Venice surrendering the fortress to the Ottoman Empire.
On 27 September 1669, Venetian commanders capitulated to Ottoman forces in Candia (modern Heraklion) after a protracted 21-year siege.
This siege was one of the longest in history, with devastating losses on both sides and fierce combat around Candia’s walls.
Venice’s naval power had maintained supply lines, but the Ottomans’ persistence and resources prevailed.
The fall of Candia marked a significant Ottoman victory and shifted control of Crete to the empire.
The siege’s legacy influenced European military engineering and the island’s cultural landscape.
1669
Siege of Candia
1777day.year
American Revolution: Lancaster, Pennsylvania becomes the capital of the United States for one day after Congress evacuates Philadelphia.
During the American Revolution, Lancaster briefly served as the capital of the United States on 27 September 1777.
Facing the British advance on Philadelphia, the Continental Congress evacuated to Lancaster, Pennsylvania on 27 September 1777.
For a single day, Lancaster held the highest offices of the nascent American government.
This temporary move reflected the urgency and mobility required to sustain the Revolution.
Congress would soon relocate across the Susquehanna River to York before returning to Philadelphia.
Lancaster’s brief role underscored the challenges of establishing a secure national capital amid war.
1777
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
1791day.year
The National Assembly of France votes to award full citizenship to Jews.
France’s National Assembly granted full citizenship to Jews on 27 September 1791, advancing civil rights during the Revolution.
On 27 September 1791, the revolutionary French National Assembly passed a decree extending full citizenship rights to Jewish communities throughout France.
This landmark decision abolished longstanding restrictions and permitted Jews to participate fully in civic, economic, and political life.
It stood as one of the first modern affirmations of religious equality in Europe.
Despite later upheavals, the 1791 decree laid the foundation for Jewish emancipation and broader civil rights movements.
The act reflected Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
1791
Jews
1821day.year
The Army of the Three Guarantees triumphantly enters Mexico City, led by Agustín de Iturbide. The following day Mexico is declared independent.
Agustín de Iturbide’s Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City on 27 September 1821, securing independence.
After years of struggle against Spanish rule, the Army of the Three Guarantees marched into Mexico City on 27 September 1821 under Agustín de Iturbide.
This triumphant entry signified the end of the Mexican War of Independence and the collapse of colonial authority.
Iturbide’s Plan of Iguala had united royalist and insurgent forces under the promise of independence, religion, and unity.
The following day, New Spain officially became the independent Empire of Mexico.
This momentous event reshaped the political map of the Americas and inspired further independence movements in Latin America.
1821
Army of the Three Guarantees
Mexico City
Agustín de Iturbide
1822day.year
Jean-François Champollion officially informs the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in France that he has deciphered the Rosetta Stone.
Jean-François Champollion announces the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
His breakthrough unlocks the secrets of the Rosetta Stone.
In 1822, French scholar Jean-François Champollion presented his decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
By comparing the Greek and hieroglyphic texts on the Rosetta Stone, he identified phonetic letters and translated royal names.
This achievement marked a turning point in Egyptology and opened millennia-old inscriptions to modern scholarship.
Champollion's work laid the foundation for understanding ancient Egyptian language and culture.
His methods continue to influence linguistic and archaeological research today.
1822
Jean-François Champollion
Rosetta Stone
1825day.year
The world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, is ceremonially opened with the engine Locomotion pulling wagons with coal and passengers from Shildon to Darlington to Stockton.
The Stockton and Darlington Railway inaugurates the first public steam-hauled railway.
The Locomotion engine carries coal and passengers to commemorate the opening.
On September 27, 1825, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in England opened as the world’s first public railway to use steam locomotives.
The Locomotion No. 1 engine hauled coal wagons and passenger carriages from Shildon to Stockton via Darlington.
Designed by George Stephenson, this milestone demonstrated the feasibility of steam transport for industrial and public use.
The success of the event spurred rapid expansion of rail networks across Britain and beyond.
It revolutionized transportation, industry, and the pace of economic growth in the 19th century.
1825
Stockton and Darlington Railway
Locomotion
Shildon
Darlington
Stockton