September 28

Javanshir ascended to the throne of Caucasian Albania in 616 and ruled until his death in 680. His reign occurred during the early medieval period in the eastern Caucasus region. Historical records on his policies and achievements are scarce, but he maintained the kingdom's sovereignty amid regional powers. He governed a diverse realm influenced by neighboring Byzantine and Persian cultures. Javanshir is remembered as one of the early rulers whose reign set precedents for subsequent Caucasian leaders.

Henry Fox was born in 1705 and rose to prominence as a leading Whig politician in Britain. He held key offices such as Secretary at War and Secretary of State for the Southern Department. In 1762, he was elevated to the peerage as the 1st Baron Holland, solidifying his political influence. Known for his strategic acumen, he managed parliamentary alliances and oversaw diplomatic negotiations. His legacy was carried on by his son, Charles James Fox, one of Britain's most famous parliamentarians.

Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, was born in 1735 and educated at Eton and Cambridge. He entered politics as a Whig and rose quickly to high office due to his reputation for moderation. In 1768, he became Prime Minister at the age of 33, overseeing government affairs and diplomatic relations. His tenure addressed issues of colonial governance and attempts at civil service reform. After resigning in 1770, he continued to influence politics through various diplomatic and parliamentary roles. He died in 1811, remembered for his youth, reform efforts, and contributions to 18th-century British governance.

Born into the noble House of Augustenburg in 1765, he inherited the duchy in present-day northern Germany. As Duke, he navigated the complex politics of the Holy Roman Empire and later the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine. His reign saw modernizing reforms in administration, commerce, and legal structures within his territories. Frederick Christian II maintained alliances with neighboring German states and sought to preserve ducal sovereignty amid European upheaval. He passed away in 1814, leaving a legacy of moderate governance during a period of continental conflict.

Born in 1821 in Philadelphia, Gibbs was ordained as a Methodist minister and became active in education. He moved to Florida during Reconstruction, advocating for public schools and civil rights for freedmen. In 1868, he was elected Florida's Secretary of State, becoming one of the first African Americans to hold statewide office. Gibbs later served as Superintendent of Public Instruction, shaping the state's early public education system. His leadership laid important groundwork for civil and political participation of African Americans in the post–Civil War South.

Born in 1841 in Mouilleron-en-Pareds, Clemenceau trained as a physician before entering journalism and politics. He gained fame as a fierce critic of the Second Empire and a defender of the Republic during the Dreyfus Affair. Serving as Prime Minister from 1906–1909 and 1917–1920, he earned the nickname 'The Tiger' for his tenacity. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, he championed harsh terms against Germany to secure France's future. His leadership during the Great War shaped post-war Europe and solidified his legacy as a dominant figure in French history.

Born in Lerwick, Shetland, Scotland, Robert Stout emigrated to New Zealand with his family at age 14. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, building a reputation as a skilled litigator. Stout was elected to Parliament in 1875 and held various ministerial positions before becoming Prime Minister in 1884. During his tenure, he promoted public education, land reform, and women's suffrage. After leaving office, he served as Chief Justice of New Zealand and continued to influence legal thought. His career spanned law, politics, and jurisprudence, making him a leading figure in New Zealand's development.

Born a French princess, Amélie married King Carlos I of Portugal in 1886, becoming queen consort. She supported the arts and oversaw renovations of royal palaces, promoting Portuguese culture. Amélie was active in charitable organizations, founding hospitals and social welfare programs. During a period of political unrest, she served as a stabilizing presence in the monarchy. After the assassination of her husband and heir in 1908, she went into exile with her surviving son. Amélie's philanthropic legacy and elegance left a lasting mark on Portugal's transition to modernity.

Kiichirō Hiranuma studied law at Tokyo Imperial University before entering the judiciary. He held various ministerial positions, including Home and Education Minister, before becoming Prime Minister in 1939. Hiranuma advocated for national mobilization and strengthened Japan's industrial and military capacities. He oversaw the signing of the Tripartite Pact with Axis powers during his tenure. After resigning in 1939, he continued to influence Japanese politics as a senior statesman. His career reflected the complexities of Japan's shift towards militarization before World War II.

Bhagat Singh was born in Lyallpur, British India (now Faisalabad, Pakistan), in 1907. Inspired by socialist and anti-colonial ideas, he joined the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. At the age of 23, he took part in the Lahore bomb attack to protest British oppression and deliberately courted arrest. In prison, he undertook a hunger strike demanding political prisoner rights, drawing widespread public attention. His execution by hanging in 1931 transformed him into a national martyr and ignited further support for independence. His courage, writings, and sacrifice continue to inspire movements for justice and freedom worldwide.

Diosdado Macapagal was born in 1910 and became a prominent lawyer and politician in the Philippines. He served as the 9th President of the Philippines from 1961 until 1965, promoting economic and social reforms. Known as the 'Poor Man's President', he focused on land reform, poverty reduction, and government modernization. Under his leadership, the Philippines shifted Independence Day from July 4 to June 12, reclaiming national identity. Macapagal also strengthened ties with neighboring Southeast Asian nations and laid groundwork for ASEAN cooperation. After his presidency, he remained active in public life and influenced Philippine politics through his family legacy. He passed away in 1997, remembered for his reformist vision and contributions to national independence and development.

Wenceslao Vinzons was born in 1910 in the Philippines and showed early talent as a scholar and leader. He earned a law degree and became an active politician advocating for youth and national sovereignty. During the Japanese occupation in World War II, Vinzons led guerrilla forces in his native province of Camarines Norte. Known for his courage and patriotism, he organized resistance movements and intelligence networks. He was captured by Japanese forces in 1942 and executed, becoming a martyr in the fight for Philippine liberation. Vinzons is honored as a national hero for his bravery and dedication to his country's freedom. His legacy continues to inspire generations of Filipino leaders and activists.