1991day.year
The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is opened for signature.
The Madrid Protocol is opened for signature, establishing strong environmental protection measures for Antarctica.
On October 4, 1991, the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, also known as the Madrid Protocol, was opened for signature in Madrid. The treaty introduced comprehensive measures to safeguard Antarctica's ecosystems and wildlife. It banned mineral resource activities except for scientific research, designating the continent as a 'natural reserve devoted to peace and science.' Parties agreed to conduct environmental impact assessments before any proposed activity. The protocol strengthened the Antarctic Treaty System by adding legal teeth for conservation. It entered into force in 1998 and remains the cornerstone of Antarctic environmental governance.
1991
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty