October 06

Born in Brighton, Ryle studied at Oxford and later became White's Professor of Moral Philosophy. In his landmark work 'The Concept of Mind' (1949), he challenged the idea of mind-body dualism. He introduced the notion of 'category mistake' to explain philosophical confusion. Ryle's clear and accessible writing helped shape ordinary language philosophy. He published influential essays on logic, psychology, and the philosophy of language. His work left a lasting impact on 20th-century analytic philosophy.

J. J. C. Smart was born in 1920 in England and later became a prominent academic in Australia. He played a key role in the development of the identity theory of mind and was a leading voice in utilitarian ethics. Smart held professorships at major universities and published influential works in analytic philosophy. His clear writing style and rigorous analysis made him a respected figure in the field. He continued to teach and write until his death, shaping generations of philosophers with his ideas.