1142day.year
A peace treaty ends the Jin–Song wars.
A treaty in 1142 formally ends the prolonged Jin–Song wars, reshaping the political landscape of medieval China.
After decades of intermittent conflict, the Jin dynasty and the Southern Song dynasty agreed to terms of peace in 1142. Negotiations resulted in territorial concessions and a tribute arrangement, stabilizing relations in the region. The treaty allowed the Song court to retreat and fortify its holdings south of the Huai River. Economically, the peace spurred a renaissance of trade and cultural exchange in southern China. However, tensions lingered as both sides prepared for potential future skirmishes. The 1142 treaty marked a significant moment in the era of divided Chinese dynasties.
1142
peace treaty
Jin–Song wars
1649day.year
Cromwell's New Model Army sacks Wexford, killing over 2,000 Irish Confederate troops and 1,500 civilians.
Oliver Cromwell’s forces capture Wexford in 1649, resulting in the deaths of thousands of soldiers and civilians.
During the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, the New Model Army laid siege to the port town of Wexford in October 1649. After breaching the town’s defenses, troops entered and engaged in widespread slaughter, killing over 2,000 Confederate soldiers and approximately 1,500 civilians. Historical accounts describe looting, burning of buildings, and harsh reprisals against the population. The fall of Wexford was a significant blow to Irish resistance and contributed to the collapse of organized opposition in Leinster. Cromwell’s campaign in Ireland remains controversial due to its brutality and high civilian toll. The sack underscored the severity of 17th-century siege warfare.
1649
sacks Wexford
1776day.year
American Revolution: A fleet of American boats on Lake Champlain is defeated by the Royal Navy, but delays the British advance until 1777.
The Battle of Valcour Island sees American vessels overcome by the Royal Navy, yet the action delays the British advance in 1776.
On October 11, 1776, American forces under Benedict Arnold engaged a superior British fleet on Lake Champlain at Valcour Island. Although the poorly armed American flotilla was ultimately defeated, the battle inflicted damage that slowed the British campaign. This delay prevented the enemy from advancing to Fort Ticonderoga before winter, buying the Continental Army crucial time. American losses were significant, but the tactical retreat and scuttling of vessels showcased remarkable resourcefulness. The engagement boosted morale among revolutionaries and demonstrated that colonial forces could stand up to the Royal Navy. Historians view Valcour Island as a strategic American success despite the tactical defeat.
1776
American Revolution
is defeated
1797day.year
The Royal Navy decisively defeats the Batavian Navy at Camperdown during the French Revolutionary Wars.
At the Battle of Camperdown, the British fleet defeats the Batavian Navy, securing naval dominance in the North Sea.
On October 11, 1797, Admiral Adam Duncan led the Royal Navy to victory against the Batavian (Dutch) fleet off the coast of Camperdown, Netherlands. The British ships captured eleven enemy vessels and significantly weakened Dutch naval power. The success boosted British morale during the wider French Revolutionary Wars and safeguarded merchant shipping in the North Sea. Losses were light for the Royal Navy compared to the heavy Dutch casualties and prisoners taken. Camperdown marked one of the largest naval engagements of the era and underscored the effectiveness of British naval tactics. The battle helped maintain Britain’s maritime supremacy at a critical period.
1797
decisively defeats
1862day.year
American Civil War: Confederate troops conduct a raid on Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.
Confederate forces launch a destructive raid on Chambersburg, Pennsylvania during the American Civil War.
On October 11, 1862, Confederate cavalry units mounted a surprise raid on Chambersburg, Pennsylvania during the American Civil War.
The raiders aimed to disrupt Union supply lines by targeting railroad infrastructure and military depots.
Horses, livestock, and provisions were seized or destroyed, inflicting economic damage on local residents.
The sudden attack demonstrated the reach of Confederate forces north of the Mason-Dixon line.
Though brief, the raid spread fear among Northern communities and showcased the vulnerabilities of border towns.
The event underscored the ongoing strategic contest for regional control in the Civil War.
1862
American Civil War
raid on Chambersburg
1865day.year
Hundreds of black men and women march in Jamaica, starting the Morant Bay rebellion.
Hundreds of black Jamaicans march in Morant Bay, igniting a large-scale uprising against colonial rule.
On October 11, 1865, hundreds of black men and women gathered in Morant Bay, Jamaica, to protest against injustices and harsh living conditions under colonial rule.
The march was led by preacher Paul Bogle and aimed to demand fair treatment and legal reforms.
Tensions escalated when protesters clashed with local authorities, leading to outbreaks of violence.
The uprising quickly spread throughout St. Thomas Parish, prompting a harsh response from British colonial forces.
Martial law was declared, resulting in widespread arrests, executions, and property destruction.
The rebellion highlighted deep social and racial divisions in Jamaican society and spurred later reforms.
It remains a pivotal moment in Jamaica's history, commemorated for its role in the struggle for justice.
1865
Morant Bay rebellion
1899day.year
The Second Boer War erupts in South Africa between the British-ruled Cape Colony, and the Boer-ruled Transvaal and Orange Free State.
The Second Boer War breaks out in South Africa between British and Boer republics.
On October 11, 1899, the Second Boer War erupted in South Africa as tensions between the British Empire and the Boer republics of Transvaal and Orange Free State boiled over.
British forces sought to assert control over rich gold and diamond territories, while Boer fighters defended their independence.
The conflict involved conventional battles, guerrilla warfare, and sieges, stretching British military resources.
Boers employed hit-and-run tactics and utilized knowledge of the rugged terrain to hold off superior numbers.
Civilians were drawn into the conflict through scorched-earth policies and the establishment of concentration camps by the British.
The war had lasting impacts on South African society, influencing future political structures and racial policies.
It concluded in 1902 with British victory and annexation of the Boer republics, reshaping the region's history.
1899
Second Boer War
1912day.year
First Balkan War: The day after the Battle of Sarantaporo, Greek troops liberate the city of Kozani.
During the First Balkan War, Greek forces liberate Kozani the day after their victory at Sarantaporo.
On October 11, 1912, following their victory at the Battle of Sarantaporo, Greek troops entered and liberated the city of Kozani from Ottoman control.
The Battle of Sarantaporo had opened a strategic passage through the Pindus Mountains.
Greek forces advanced rapidly into western Macedonia, encountering minimal resistance in Kozani.
The liberation boosted Greek morale and secured vital supply lines for the continuing campaign.
Residents celebrated the end of Ottoman rule, raising the Greek flag over city buildings.
This operation marked a significant step in Greece's territorial gains during the First Balkan War.
Kozani's liberation paved the way for further advances into the Balkans and reshaped the region's political landscape.
1912
First Balkan War
Battle of Sarantaporo
1941day.year
Beginning of the National Liberation War of Macedonia.
The National Liberation War of Macedonia began on October 11, 1941, launching organized resistance against Axis occupation.
On October 11, 1941, Macedonian communist partisans initiated the first coordinated uprising against occupying forces in the region. The movement was driven by a desire for national liberation and self-determination under the leadership of the Macedonian Communist Party. Resistance groups carried out guerrilla operations, ambushes, and sabotage against German and Bulgarian occupiers. The conflict merged into the broader Balkan resistance during World War II and bolstered regional morale. Partisans secured strategic footholds in mountainous areas, disrupting Axis supply lines. The uprising’s legacy contributed to the founding of socialist Yugoslavia and the federal recognition of Macedonia.
1941
National Liberation War of Macedonia
1942day.year
World War II: Off Guadalcanal, United States Navy ships intercept and defeat a Japanese force.
A decisive US Navy victory off Guadalcanal on October 11, 1942, saw American forces intercept and rout a Japanese naval squadron during World War II.
In the early hours of October 11, 1942, United States destroyers and cruisers engaged Imperial Japanese ships off Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. Leveraging radar technology and tactical maneuvering, US forces outflanked and overwhelmed the Japanese squadron. The encounter disrupted critical supply lines intended to reinforce Japanese garrisons on the island. Support from carrier-based aircraft added to the devastation of enemy vessels and cargo ships. The victory boosted Allied control in the Pacific Theater and demonstrated improved naval coordination and technology. This action helped secure Henderson Field and shift momentum in favor of the United States during the Guadalcanal Campaign.
1942
World War II
intercept and defeat
1987day.year
Start of Operation Pawan by Indian forces in Sri Lanka. Thousands of civilians, insurgents, soldiers die.
India launched Operation Pawan in Sri Lanka, sending troops to enforce the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord amid escalating civil conflict.
On October 11, 1987, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) began Operation Pawan in northern Sri Lanka.
Deployed under the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord, Indian troops aimed to disarm Tamil militant groups and stabilize the region.
The intervention quickly escalated into fierce urban and jungle warfare against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).
Combat operations, ambushes, and civilian casualties marked the campaign, straining relations between India and Sri Lanka.
Operation Pawan lasted until 1990 and remains a controversial chapter in South Asian geopolitics, illustrating the complexities of external military involvement.
Operation Pawan