451day.year
The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council.
The Council of Chalcedon in 451 adopts the Chalcedonian Creed, defining Christ’s divine and human natures and shaping Christian orthodoxy.
The Council of Chalcedon, convened in 451 in present-day Turkey, was the fourth ecumenical council of the early Christian church. It aimed to settle disputes over the nature of Christ, which had divided bishops and emperors. The resulting Chalcedonian Creed declared that Jesus Christ exists in two natures, fully divine and fully human, united in one person without confusion or separation. This definition became the standard for both Eastern Orthodox and Western churches and remains a cornerstone of mainstream Christian theology. However, it also led to schisms with churches that rejected the council’s conclusions, such as the Oriental Orthodox churches. The creed influenced the relationship between church and state in the Byzantine Empire and solidified theological orthodoxy. Its impact continues to be felt in modern Christian doctrine and ecumenical dialogues.
451
Chalcedonian Creed
Council of Chalcedon
794day.year
Japanese Emperor Kanmu relocates his empire's capital to Heian-kyō (now Kyoto).
Emperor Kanmu relocates Japan’s capital to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) in 794, ushering in the Heian period.
In 794, Emperor Kanmu officially moved the seat of the Japanese imperial court from Nara to Heian-kyō, marking a strategic shift in political and religious influence. Heian-kyō was laid out on a grid pattern inspired by Chinese capitals and designed to accommodate the growing court bureaucracy. This relocation reduced the power of Buddhist monasteries in Nara and strengthened imperial authority. The move initiated the Heian period, renowned for its flourishing of Japanese art, literature, and court culture. Over the next several centuries, the city became a hub for poetry, painting, and refined aristocratic life. Many of the traditions and aesthetic sensibilities developed during this era still influence Japan today. Modern Kyoto preserves numerous historical sites from this foundational period.
794
Emperor Kanmu
Heian-kyō
1721day.year
The Russian Empire is proclaimed by Tsar Peter I after the Swedish defeat in the Great Northern War.
Tsar Peter I proclaims the Russian Empire in 1721 after Russia’s victory in the Great Northern War.
In October 1721, following a decisive victory over Sweden, Tsar Peter I of Russia formally declared his realm the Russian Empire. He adopted the title of Emperor and reorganized his government to mirror Western European models. The proclamation marked Russia’s emergence as a major European power and a signal of its western-oriented reforms. Under Peter’s leadership, the empire modernized its armed forces, expanded its navy, and restructured administrative institutions. He also founded the new capital at St. Petersburg, symbolizing Russia’s shift toward Europe. The imperial title endured until the end of the Romanov dynasty in 1917. Peter’s actions laid the foundations for Russia’s rise on the international stage.
1721
Russian Empire
Peter I
Swedish
Great Northern War
1836day.year
Sam Houston is inaugurated as the first President of the Republic of Texas.
Sam Houston takes office as the first President of the newly established Republic of Texas.
On October 22, 1836, Sam Houston was inaugurated as the Republic of Texas’s inaugural president in a ceremony in Houston.
Elected by the people of the fledgling republic following its independence from Mexico, Houston assumed leadership of the new nation.
His presidency faced the challenges of establishing a government, securing international recognition, and navigating relations with Native tribes.
Houston’s military reputation from the Battle of San Jacinto lent him popular support.
During his term, he worked to stabilize finances and negotiate treaties, laying the foundation for Texas’s future.
This moment marked a pivotal step in Texas’s short-lived sovereignty before annexation to the United States.
1836
Sam Houston
Republic of Texas
1866day.year
A plebiscite ratifies the annexation of Veneto and Mantua to Italy, which had occurred three days before on October 19.
A plebiscite ratifies the annexation of Veneto and Mantua into the Kingdom of Italy following the Third Italian War of Independence.
On October 22, 1866, voters in the former Austrian provinces of Veneto and Mantua endorsed annexation to the Kingdom of Italy in a plebiscite.
Held three days after military victories in the Third Italian War of Independence, the referendum formalized unification efforts led by the Kingdom of Sardinia.
The overwhelming pro-union vote paved the way for the regions’ official incorporation into Italy.
This event represented a key milestone in the Risorgimento movement, consolidating national boundaries and completing the map of modern Italy.
Following annexation, the new government implemented administrative reforms and infrastructure projects to integrate the provinces.
1866
Veneto
Mantua
1910day.year
Hawley Harvey Crippen (the first felon to be arrested with the help of radio) is convicted of poisoning his wife.
In 1910, Dr. Hawley Harvey Crippen is convicted of poisoning his wife in the first radio-assisted arrest.
In 1910, Dr. Hawley Harvey Crippen was found guilty of poisoning his wife, Cora, in London.
The investigation became the first criminal case to utilize wireless telegraphy to track a fugitive.
Inspector Walter Dew received a radio message from the steamship Montrose, where Crippen and his mistress had boarded.
Upon arrival in England, authorities intercepted the vessel and arrested Crippen in a dramatic dockside arrest.
The trial captivated the public and marked a landmark moment in the use of emerging communication technology in law enforcement.
1910
Hawley Harvey Crippen
radio
1923day.year
The royalist Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup d'état attempt fails in Greece, discrediting the monarchy and paving the way for the establishment of the Second Hellenic Republic.
A royalist coup attempt in Greece collapses, undermining the monarchy and paving the way for the Second Hellenic Republic.
On October 22, 1923, Generals Leonardopoulos and Gargalidis led a royalist coup against the Greek government.
Their effort to restore monarchic power faltered as loyal military units resisted the takeover.
The failed uprising discredited the royal family and amplified republican sentiment.
Political leaders seized the moment to advocate for a secular, democratic republic.
By 1924, the Second Hellenic Republic was officially proclaimed, ending the monarchy for over a decade.
1923
Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup d'état attempt
Second Hellenic Republic
1934day.year
In East Liverpool, Ohio, FBI agents shoot and kill notorious bank robber Pretty Boy Floyd.
Notorious bank robber Pretty Boy Floyd is gunned down by FBI agents in Ohio in 1934.
On October 22, 1934, FBI agents cornered Charles “Pretty Boy” Floyd in East Liverpool, Ohio.
In the ensuing shootout, Floyd was fatally wounded, ending one of the era’s most infamous crime sprees.
Accused of numerous bank robberies and violent confrontations, he had become a folk figure during the Great Depression.
His death cemented the reputation of Director J. Edgar Hoover’s Bureau of Investigation.
The dramatic incident underscored the federal government’s growing role in combating interstate crime.
1934
East Liverpool, Ohio
Pretty Boy Floyd
1936day.year
Dod Orsborne, captain of the Girl Pat is convicted of its theft and imprisoned, having caused a media sensation when it went missing.
Captain Dod Orsborne goes on trial for stealing the yacht Girl Pat, sparking a media frenzy in 1936.
In 1936, Captain Dod Orsborne was prosecuted for the audacious theft of the British yacht Girl Pat.
His disappearance with the vessel led to an international manhunt and sensational headlines.
Orsborne’s sea odyssey captivated the public, with newspapers celebrating his outlaw status.
During the trial, details emerged about his motives and the voyage’s dramatic twists.
Convicted and sentenced to imprisonment, his case left a lasting impression on maritime lore.
1936
Dod Orsborne
Girl Pat
1946day.year
Over twenty-two hundred engineers and technicians from eastern Germany are forced to relocate to the Soviet Union, along with their families and equipment.
Over 2,200 engineers and technicians from eastern Germany are forcibly relocated to the Soviet Union in 1946.
On October 22, 1946, Soviet authorities transported more than 2,200 German engineers and technicians eastward.
These experts, along with their families and equipment, were moved as war reparations.
They were assigned to key industrial and scientific projects in the USSR.
The relocation accelerated Soviet reconstruction efforts but disrupted the lives of many individuals.
This mass transfer exemplified the geopolitical struggle for technological and industrial advantage after WWII.
1946
relocate to the Soviet Union
1981day.year
The US Federal Labor Relations Authority votes to decertify the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) for its strike the previous August.
The US Federal Labor Relations Authority decertified the PATCO union following its strike, reshaping American labor relations in air traffic control.
In October 1981, the Federal Labor Relations Authority voted to decertify the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) after its members carried out an illegal strike earlier that summer. The strike, initiated without authorization, grounded thousands of flights and disrupted the national airspace system. President Ronald Reagan had ordered the striking controllers back to work and dismissed over 11,000 who refused. The FLRA's decision formally stripped PATCO of its bargaining status, leaving its members without union representation. This landmark ruling sent a powerful message to other federal employees and private-sector unions. The aftermath saw significant reforms in labor policy and set a precedent for more aggressive government responses to labor disputes. Decades later, the PATCO episode remains a pivotal moment in U.S. labor history.
1981
Federal Labor Relations Authority
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization
1999day.year
Maurice Papon, an official in the Vichy government during World War II, is jailed for crimes against humanity.
Former Vichy official Maurice Papon was convicted and imprisoned for crimes against humanity committed during World War II.
On October 22, 1999, the French magistrate Maurice Papon was sentenced to 10 years in prison for his role in the deportation of Jews from Bordeaux under the Vichy regime. Papon had held key administrative positions in occupied France and was found guilty of complicity in the arrest and deportation of over 1,600 Jewish men, women, and children. The trial drew international attention as survivors and historians recounted testimonies of state-sanctioned persecution. Papon's defense hinged on claims of acting under orders, but the court rejected these justifications in light of overwhelming evidence. His conviction marked a significant moment in France's reckoning with its wartime past and the legacy of collaboration. The case set legal precedents for prosecuting government officials for human rights crimes. It also sparked debates about memory, justice, and national responsibility that continue to resonate in Europe.
1999
Maurice Papon
Vichy