1260day.year
After defeating the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut and assassinating the previous Mamluk sultan, Qutuz, Baybars ascends to the Egyptian throne as the fourth sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate.
Following victory over the Mongols at Ain Jalut, Baybars seizes power as the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt in 1260.
In the aftermath of the Mamluk triumph at Ain Jalut, Sultan Qutuz was assassinated by conspirators including Baybars. On October 24, 1260, Baybars swiftly consolidated power and claimed the sultanate. His accession marked the start of a century-long Mamluk dynasty defending Egypt and Syria from Mongol and Crusader threats. Baybars reorganized the military and administration, fortifying frontier defenses and sponsoring grand architectural projects. He negotiated truces with Crusader states while expanding his territories through strategic campaigns. Baybars’ reign brought political stability and a cultural renaissance to the Islamic world. His legacy endures in landmarks such as the Qalawun Complex in Cairo.
Mongols
Battle of Ain Jalut
Qutuz
Baybars
Mamluk Sultanate
1360day.year
The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War.
The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified in 1360, pausing the Hundred Years' War and ceding territories to England.
Formally ratified on October 24, 1360, the Treaty of Brétigny temporarily halted hostilities in the first phase of the Hundred Years' War. Under its terms, King Edward III renounced his claim to the French throne in exchange for expanded sovereignty over Aquitaine and other regions. France agreed to pay a large ransom for the release of King John II, captured at Poitiers in 1356. The treaty sought a lasting peace, though contentious border definitions soon reignited conflict. It shifted power balances in medieval Europe and influenced diplomatic practices. Despite its short-lived peace, Brétigny set precedents for treaty negotiations and territorial concessions. Historians view it as a pivotal episode in Anglo-French relations.
1360
Treaty of Brétigny
1641day.year
Felim O'Neill of Kinard, the leader of the Irish Rebellion, issues his Proclamation of Dungannon, justifying the uprising and declaring continued loyalty to King Charles I of England.
Felim O'Neill proclaims loyalty to King Charles I and justifies the Irish Rebellion in the 1641 Proclamation of Dungannon.
Amid rising tensions and land disputes, Felim O'Neill issued the Proclamation of Dungannon on October 24, 1641, to rally Gaelic and Old English Catholics in Ireland. While defending the rebellion’s motives, he professed unwavering loyalty to King Charles I in hopes of securing royal support. The proclamation accused Protestant settlers and English officials of oppression, seizing land and undermining traditional rights. Though intended to legitimize the uprising, it heightened fears of a Catholic takeover among the Protestant community. The document marked a critical moment in the Irish Rebellion of 1641, which soon escalated into widespread violence. Its political maneuvering and ambiguous promises foreshadowed decades of sectarian conflict. Historians view this proclamation as a key articulation of Irish resistance and colonial grievances.
1641
Felim O'Neill of Kinard
Irish Rebellion
Proclamation of Dungannon
Charles I of England
1648day.year
The Peace of Westphalia is signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War.
The Peace of Westphalia is signed in 1648, ending both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War in Europe.
On October 24, 1648, representatives from major European powers signed the Peace of Westphalia treaties in Münster and Osnabrück. These agreements concluded decades of religious and political warfare by recognizing the sovereignty of over 300 German principalities. Spain also acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic, ending the Eighty Years' War. The treaties established principles of non-interference and legal equality among states, laying foundations for modern international law. Religious provisions granted rulers the right to determine their territory’s confession, while minority protections were introduced. Though imperfect, Westphalia reshaped the map of Europe and stabilized relations after years of devastation. The Peace of Westphalia is often cited as the birth of the nation-state system.
1648
Peace of Westphalia
1795day.year
Poland is completely consumed by Russia, Prussia and Austria.
In 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria carry out the Third Partition, erasing Poland from the map.
The Third Partition of Poland, formalized in October 1795, saw the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth divided entirely among Russia, Prussia, and Austria. After years of internal strife and previous partitions in 1772 and 1793, the weakened Commonwealth could no longer resist its powerful neighbors. Russia annexed eastern territories, Prussia took central regions including Warsaw, and Austria absorbed southern lands around Kraków. The elimination of Poland as a sovereign state shocked Europe and altered the balance of power. For over a century, Poles lived under foreign rule until the re-emergence of Poland after World War I. The partition exemplified the era’s ruthless realpolitik and foreshadowed nationalist movements. It remains a poignant symbol of lost independence and cultural resilience.
1795
completely consumed
1813day.year
Treaty of Gulistan: The Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813 comes to a close with the signing of the Treaty of Gulistan, under which terms Qajar Iran agrees to cede the bulk of its Caucasian territories, which comprise much of modern Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, to the Russian Empire.
The Russo-Persian War ends as Qajar Iran cedes key Caucasian territories to Russia under the Treaty of Gulistan.
The Treaty of Gulistan formally ends a nine-year conflict between Qajar Iran and the Russian Empire. Under the treaty’s terms, Iran relinquishes control of much of modern Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. This marked a major expansion of Russian influence in the Caucasus region. The loss shifted the balance of power and sowed the seeds of future tensions. The agreement reshaped regional borders and had lasting geopolitical consequences for both empires.
1813
Treaty of Gulistan
Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813
Treaty of Gulistan
Qajar Iran
Dagestan
Georgia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Russian Empire
1860day.year
Convention of Peking: The Second Opium War formally comes to a close, with Qing China ceding Kowloon in perpetuity to the victorious British Empire.
The Convention of Peking ends the Second Opium War as Qing China cedes Kowloon to Britain.
After years of conflict, the Convention of Peking brings an official close to the Second Opium War. Under the treaty, China grants the Kowloon Peninsula to Britain forever, alongside expanded trading privileges. The agreement consolidates British colonial interests in Hong Kong and intensifies foreign control over Chinese ports. Chinese sovereignty is further eroded, fueling domestic unrest and calls for reform. The treaty exemplifies the era’s imperialist pressures on East Asia.
1860
Convention of Peking
Second Opium War
Qing China
Kowloon
British Empire
1889day.year
Henry Parkes delivers the Tenterfield Oration, effectively starting the federation process in Australia.
Australian statesman Henry Parkes calls for federation in the Tenterfield Oration, setting the stage for the Commonwealth of Australia.
At the Tenterfield School of Arts, Sir Henry Parkes urges Australia’s separate colonies to unite under a federal government. His speech outlines the benefits of economic unity, defense coordination, and a shared national identity. The oration leads to a series of conferences and drafting of a federal constitution. Parkes is later celebrated as the ‘Father of Federation.’ His vision culminates in the formation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The event remains a cornerstone of Australian national history.
1889
Henry Parkes
Tenterfield Oration
1900day.year
U.S. Government announces plans to buy Danish West Indies for $7 million.
The U.S. Government reveals its intention to acquire the Danish West Indies for $7 million, aiming to expand its strategic influence in the Caribbean.
On October 24, 1900, the United States announced plans to purchase the Danish West Indies from Denmark for $7 million. This diplomatic initiative was driven by strategic considerations, including naval defense and control of key sea lanes. American negotiators argued that the acquisition would strengthen the nation’s military posture in the Caribbean. The proposal sparked debate in both Congress and the Danish parliament, centered on sovereignty and regional security. Despite initial resistance, the groundwork was laid for eventual transfer of the islands. In 1917, the islands officially became the U.S. Virgin Islands, solidifying a significant expansion of American territory.
1900
Danish West Indies
1930day.year
A bloodless coup d'état in Brazil ends the First Republic, replacing it with the Vargas Era.
In 1930, a bloodless coup in Brazil overthrew the First Republic and ushered in the Vargas Era.
The First Brazilian Republic, beset by regional rivalries and economic crisis, was undermined by the 1929 global downturn.
On October 24, 1930, a coalition led by José Pessoa Cavalar and Getúlio Vargas staged a bloodless coup that deposed President Washington Luís.
Known as the Revolution of 1930, it ended the old oligarchic order that had ruled Brazil since 1889.
Vargas assumed provisional power and later became president, inaugurating social and economic reforms.
This shift marked the beginning of the Vargas Era, transforming Brazil's political landscape for the next 15 years.
1930
coup d'état
1945day.year
The United Nations Charter comes into effect.
The United Nations Charter officially came into force, establishing the global organization for peace in 1945.
After meeting the required number of ratifications, the UN Charter entered into force on October 24, 1945.
The document was originally signed in San Francisco by 50 nations on June 26, 1945.
Its enactment created the United Nations, replacing the League of Nations as the primary international body.
Key organs established include the General Assembly, Security Council, and International Court of Justice.
The UN Charter aimed to prevent future conflicts and promote cooperation on global issues.
1945
United Nations Charter
1947day.year
Famed animator Walt Disney testifies before the House Un-American Activities Committee, naming Disney employees he believes to be communists.
Animator Walt Disney testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947, naming colleagues as alleged communists.
Amid the postwar Red Scare, Walt Disney was called to testify before HUAC on October 24, 1947.
Disney spoke of his concerns about Communist influence in Hollywood and the animation industry.
He named several former employees as suspected party members, contributing to the era's blacklist.
His testimony reflected wider tensions between creative communities and government anti-Communist efforts.
The incident remains a notable example of McCarthyism’s impact on American culture.
1947
Walt Disney
House Un-American Activities Committee