October 28

On October 28, 1918, representatives of Czech and Slovak peoples proclaimed independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, laying the foundation for the new Czechoslovak state. The declaration in Prague followed years of cultural and political movements seeking autonomy within a crumbling empire. Celebrations include official ceremonies, laying of wreaths at monuments, and cultural events showcasing Czech and Slovak traditions. Schools, government offices, and businesses close or operate with special programming. The holiday reflects on national unity, democratic ideals, and the historical journey toward self-determination. In Slovakia and the Czech Republic, the day is marked by concerts, exhibitions, and public gatherings honoring the founding fathers and key figures of the independence movement.

Ohi Day, meaning "No Day", marks the moment on October 28, 1940, when Greek Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas rejected an ultimatum from Mussolini's Italy. The bold refusal led to Greece's entry into World War II and is celebrated as a symbol of national pride and resistance. In Greece and Cyprus, parades, military displays, and school marches fill the streets, while citizens hoist flags and wear black or purple as a sign of remembrance. Public speeches and cultural events honor the courage and sacrifice of the Greek people during the Greco-Italian War. Traditional music and dancing also feature prominently, reflecting the country's rich heritage. The day unites Greeks worldwide in acknowledging a defining moment of unity and defiance against oppression.

Youth Pledge Day, celebrated on October 28, honors the historic declaration made by young Indonesian nationalists in 1928. At the Second Youth Congress in Batavia (now Jakarta), participants proclaimed one motherland, one nation, and one language: Indonesia. This pledge became a cornerstone for the Indonesian independence movement against colonial rule. The day features flag-raising ceremonies, youth forums, and cultural performances highlighting Indonesia's diverse heritage. Schools and civic organizations organize discussions on national identity and the role of youth in society. Commemorative events emphasize cooperation, patriotism, and the enduring spirit of unity that shaped modern Indonesia. Through these observances, new generations are inspired to uphold the ideals of solidarity and progress.