1817day.year
Simón Bolívar becomes President of the Third Republic of Venezuela.
On October 30, 1817, Simón Bolívar became President of the Third Republic of Venezuela, advancing the independence movement in South America.
On October 30, 1817, Simón Bolívar formally assumed the presidency of the Third Republic of Venezuela in Angostura. Having led independence campaigns across northern South America, Bolívar aimed to consolidate republican governance. He implemented sweeping reforms, reorganizing the military and revamping administrative structures. Bolívar also sought support from foreign allies, securing resources from Haitian and British sympathizers. His presidency laid the groundwork for the eventual liberation of New Granada and Peru. Through visionary speeches and decrees, Bolívar inspired unity among the former Spanish colonies. His leadership during the Third Republic cemented his legacy as 'El Libertador' and set a precedent for republicanism in Latin America.
1817
Simón Bolívar
Third Republic of Venezuela
1863day.year
Danish Prince Vilhelm arrives in Athens to assume his throne as George I, King of the Hellenes.
In 1863, Danish Prince Vilhelm arrived in Athens to begin his reign as George I, King of the Hellenes, ushering in a new royal dynasty for Greece.
Prince Vilhelm of Denmark arrived in Athens on October 30, 1863, to assume his new role as George I, King of the Hellenes. Chosen by the Greek National Assembly after the deposition of King Otto, Vilhelm represented a fresh start for the young Greek kingdom. He disembarked at Piraeus and was greeted by jubilant crowds waving Greek flags. Adopting the name George I, he swore an oath to uphold the 1844 constitution and respect parliamentary governance. His early reign focused on modernizing state institutions, infrastructure, and education. George I's dynastic ties facilitated diplomatic support from Britain and Russia. Over his nearly fifty-year rule, he would guide Greece through territorial expansion and social reforms, becoming one of Europe's longest-reigning monarchs.
1863
George I
1864day.year
Second War of Schleswig: The Treaty of Vienna is signed, by which Denmark relinquishes one province each to Prussia and Austria.
In 1864, during the Second War of Schleswig, the Treaty of Vienna was signed, forcing Denmark to cede territories to Prussia and Austria.
In 1864, after months of conflict in the Second War of Schleswig, European powers convened to negotiate peace.
The Treaty of Vienna formalized Denmark's defeat, requiring it to relinquish Schleswig to Prussia and Holstein to Austria.
This realignment bolstered Prussian influence in northern Germany and marked a key step toward German unification under Prussia.
Austria secured territory that would later fuel tensions with Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.
The settlement reshaped the balance of power in Central Europe and set the stage for Bismarck's ascendancy.
Its terms underscored the shifting alliances and nationalist currents of mid-19th-century Europe.
1864
Second War of Schleswig
Treaty of Vienna
Prussia
Austria
1905day.year
Tsar Nicholas II issues the October Manifesto, nominally granting the Russian peoples basic civil liberties and the right to form a duma. (October 17 in the Julian calendar)
In 1905, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, granting basic civil liberties and establishing a Russian legislative body, the Duma.
Facing widespread unrest and strikes during the Russian Revolution of 1905, Tsar Nicholas II sought to appease his subjects by issuing the October Manifesto.
The document guaranteed freedom of conscience, speech, assembly, and association for Russian citizens.
It also granted the right to elect a national Duma, marking Russia's first limited step toward representative governance.
While the manifesto quelled immediate protests, its vague provisions and the Tsar's later abuses tempered its impact.
Nonetheless, it remains a landmark in the slow evolution from autocracy toward constitutional rule in Imperial Russia.
1905
Tsar Nicholas II
October Manifesto
duma
1918day.year
World War I: Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, a state union of Kingdom of Hungary and Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia is abolished with decisions of Croatian and Hungarian parliaments
In 1918, the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen—a union of Hungary and Croatia-Slavonia-Dalmatia—was abolished by their parliaments following World War I.
At the end of World War I, nationalist movements surged within the Austro-Hungarian Empire's diverse territories.
On October 30, 1918, the Croatian and Hungarian parliaments formally dissolved the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen.
This decision ended the administrative union that had bound Hungary with Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia.
The abolition reflected broader collapse of Habsburg imperial structures and rise of independent nation-states in Central Europe.
It contributed to the formation of new countries like Yugoslavia and shaped postwar regional boundaries.
Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
Kingdom of Hungary
Triune Kingdom
Croatian
Hungarian parliaments
1920day.year
The Communist Party of Australia is founded in Sydney.
On October 30, 1920, the Communist Party of Australia was founded in Sydney, marking the establishment of Australia's first national communist organization.
Amid post-World War I social and economic unrest, Australian radicals sought a new political platform inspired by the Russian Revolution.
On October 30, 1920, delegates from various socialist groups convened in Sydney to form the Communist Party of Australia (CPA).
The CPA advocated for workers' rights, nationalization of industry, and international solidarity with global communist movements.
Although it never achieved mass electoral success, the party influenced labor unions and leftist politics for decades.
Its founding signaled a significant moment in Australia's political landscape and the spread of communism beyond Europe.
1920
Communist Party of Australia
1953day.year
President Eisenhower approves the top-secret document NSC 162/2 concerning the maintenance of a strong nuclear deterrent force against the Soviet Union.
President Eisenhower authorizes top-secret NSC 162/2, endorsing a robust nuclear deterrent against the Soviet Union.
On October 30, 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved National Security Council document NSC 162/2.
The classified directive called for maintaining a significant U.S. nuclear arsenal as a deterrent.
It emphasized reliance on nuclear weapons over large conventional forces.
NSC 162/2 shaped Cold War defense policy throughout the Eisenhower administration.
The doctrine of ‘massive retaliation’ aimed to deter Soviet aggression at minimal cost.
Critics argued it increased the risk of nuclear escalation.
Nonetheless, the policy influenced U.S. strategic planning until the late 1950s.
1953
President Eisenhower
NSC 162/2
1956day.year
Hungarian Revolution: The government of Imre Nagy recognizes newly established revolutionary workers' councils. Army officer Béla Király leads anti-Soviet militias in an attack on the headquarters of the Hungarian Working People's Party.
During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Nagy’s government recognizes workers’ councils and anti-Soviet militias attack party headquarters.
On October 30, 1956, Prime Minister Imre Nagy’s revolutionary government formally recognized newly formed workers’ councils in Hungary.
These councils represented grassroots demands for political reform and economic freedom.
Army officer Béla Király organized anti-Soviet militias to seize control of Budapest’s key institutions.
Militia forces attacked the headquarters of the Hungarian Working People’s Party, signaling open revolt.
The actions marked a turning point away from Soviet domination.
Despite initial successes, Soviet forces soon launched a massive counteroffensive.
The revolution was crushed by early November, but it remained a symbol of resistance.
1956
Hungarian Revolution
government of Imre Nagy
Béla Király
militias
Hungarian Working People's Party
1961day.year
Due to "violations of Vladimir Lenin's precepts", it is decreed that Joseph Stalin's body be removed from its place of honour inside Lenin's tomb and buried near the Kremlin Wall with a plain granite marker.
Joseph Stalin’s body is removed from Lenin’s tomb and reburied near the Kremlin wall in 1961.
On October 30, 1961, the Soviet leadership ordered the exhumation of Joseph Stalin’s remains from Lenin’s Mausoleum.
Accusing him of betraying Lenin’s principles, they stripped him of his honored place.
Stalin’s body was interred in a simple grave near the Kremlin Wall with a plain granite marker.
The move was part of Nikita Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization campaign following the 20th Party Congress.
It aimed to distance the regime from Stalin’s cult of personality and brutal purges.
Public reaction was mixed, reflecting decades of state propaganda about Stalin’s legacy.
The reburial marked a symbolic break with the darkest years of Soviet rule.
Vladimir Lenin
Joseph Stalin
Lenin's tomb
Kremlin Wall
1975day.year
Prince Juan Carlos I of Spain becomes acting head of state, taking over for the country's ailing dictator, Gen. Francisco Franco.
Prince Juan Carlos is named acting head of state of Spain, taking the reins as General Franco’s health declines.
On October 30, 1975, Prince Juan Carlos de Borbón assumed the position of acting head of state in Spain.
He stepped in for the ailing dictator General Francisco Franco during the final days of Franco’s regime.
This transfer of power set the stage for Spain’s transition from dictatorship to constitutional monarchy.
Following Franco’s death days later, Juan Carlos played a pivotal role in introducing democratic reforms.
His actions helped steer Spain toward its modern parliamentary system and integration into Europe.
The event is often seen as the beginning of Spain’s peaceful democratic transformation.
1975
Juan Carlos I of Spain
Francisco Franco
1980day.year
El Salvador and Honduras agree to put the border dispute fought over in 1969's Football War before the International Court of Justice.
El Salvador and Honduras submit their 1969 border dispute from the Football War to the International Court of Justice.
On October 30, 1980, El Salvador and Honduras jointly agreed to bring their territorial dispute to the International Court of Justice.
The conflict, which escalated into the brief 1969 Football War, centered on long-standing border tensions.
By turning to the ICJ, both nations sought a peaceful legal resolution under international law.
The decision marked a significant move away from military confrontations toward diplomatic arbitration.
The ICJ hearings paved the way for a final ruling on the contested land border in 1992.
This case remains a landmark example of conflict resolution through international judicial processes.
1980
El Salvador
Honduras
Football War
International Court of Justice
1983day.year
The first democratic elections in Argentina, after seven years of military rule, are held.
Argentina holds its first democratic elections after seven years of military rule, marking the return of civilian governance.
On October 30, 1983, Argentina conducted its first free presidential elections since the 1976 coup.
The elections ended a seven-year period of oppressive military dictatorship characterized by human rights abuses.
Raúl Alfonsín of the Radical Civic Union won the presidency, ushering in a new era of democracy.
Turnout was high as Argentines embraced the opportunity to restore civil liberties and political freedoms.
The election signaled a broader wave of democratization across Latin America in the 1980s.
Alfonsín’s presidency prioritized human rights trials and rebuilding democratic institutions.
1983
democratic elections in Argentina