November 01

The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.

In 365, the Germanic tribe known as the Alemanni pierced the Roman frontier by crossing the Rhine, launching an incursion into Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I swiftly relocated to Paris, taking direct command to fortify and defend the Gallic cities against the invasion.

Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi (Austria in Old High German).

In 996, Emperor Otto III granted Bishop Gottschalk of Freising a formal deed, marking the earliest recorded instance of the term Ostarrîchi—the Old High German precursor to Austria. This document signifies the first known use of a name that would define a nation for centuries.

Berber forces led by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam defeat the Umayyad caliph Muhammad II of Córdoba in the battle of Alcolea.

In 1009, Sulayman ibn al-Hakam led his Berber allies to a decisive victory over Umayyad Caliph Muhammad II at the battle of Alcolea. This clash marked a turning point in the political turmoil of medieval al-Andalus.

Empress Matilda's reign as 'Lady of the English' ends with Stephen of Blois regaining the title of 'King of England'.

In 1141, the power struggle known as The Anarchy culminated in Empress Matilda losing her claim as 'Lady of the English' after Stephen of Blois reclaimed the English crown. This reversal renewed civil conflict in medieval England.

Philip II is crowned as 'King of France'.

Philip II, later known as Philip Augustus, was crowned King of France in 1179, marking the ascent of one of medieval Europe's most influential monarchs. His reign laid foundations for the French state’s expansion.

The port city of Sinope surrenders to the Seljuq Turks.

In 1214, the strategic Black Sea port of Sinope capitulated to the Seljuq Turks, extending their influence into Anatolia. The fall of Sinope marked a key moment in the decline of Byzantine power in the region.

The anti-royalist Union of Valencia attacks the Jews of Murviedro on the pretext that they are serfs of the King of Valencia and thus "royalists".

In 1348, amid social unrest in the Kingdom of Valencia, anti-royalist factions of the Union of Valencia launched violent attacks on the Jewish community of Murviedro, accusing them of royal allegiance. The raids reflected deep tensions between political factions and minority groups.

Pope Julius II is elected.

Pope Julius II, known as the "Warrior Pope", was elected on November 1, 1503, beginning a pontificate notable for military campaigns and major patronage of Renaissance art.

The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo, is exhibited to the public for the first time.

In 1512, Michelangelo’s monumental ceiling frescoes in the Sistine Chapel were unveiled to the public, showcasing some of the most celebrated art of the Renaissance. The revelation astonished visitors with its bold figures and dramatic scenes.