361day.year
Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia; on his deathbed he is baptised and declares his cousin Julian rightful successor.
In 361, Roman Emperor Constantius II dies of fever in Cilicia, is baptised on his deathbed, and names his cousin Julian as his successor.
Constantius II, who ruled the Roman Empire since AD 337, fell gravely ill while in Mopsuestia in Cilicia.
On his deathbed in November 361, he received baptism into Christianity, a significant religious choice at the time.
Recognizing his popular cousin Julian, known as Julian the Apostate, as the rightful heir, he sealed the imperial succession.
Julian's ascension marked a turning point, as he would soon depart from his predecessor's Christian policies.
This event closed a chapter of the Constantinian dynasty and set the stage for religious and political upheaval.
The death of Constantius II thus reshaped the empire's leadership and the religious landscape.
361
Constantius II
fever
Mopsuestia
Cilicia
baptised
Julian
1090day.year
The Rouen Riot, an attempt by English king William Rufus to take possession of Rouen, the capital city of his brother Robert, duke of Normandy, fails.
In 1090, King William Rufus attempts to capture Rouen from his brother Duke Robert but his forces are repelled in the Rouen Riot.
The Rouen Riot erupted in November 1090 as King William II, known as William Rufus, sought to assert control over his brother Robert's duchy of Normandy.
Despite his position as monarch of England, William's siege of Rouen faced fierce resistance from Norman defenders and the city's residents.
The assault failed to breach the city's fortifications, forcing William Rufus to withdraw his forces after several days.
This unsuccessful campaign strained relations between the royal brothers and underscored Robert's enduring authority in Normandy.
The event highlighted the fragility of William's hold on Continental possessions and foreshadowed further dynastic conflicts.
Rouen remained under Robert's control, preserving the duchy's autonomy for the time being.
1090
Rouen Riot
William Rufus
Rouen
Robert, duke of Normandy
1333day.year
The River Arno floods causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani.
A catastrophic flood of the River Arno inundates Florence in 1333, causing widespread destruction as chronicled by Giovanni Villani.
In November 1333, the River Arno burst its banks and overwhelmed the city of Florence.
Historic records by chronicler Giovanni Villani describe waves sweeping through streets and buildings, destroying bridges and homes.
The floodwaters reached unprecedented heights, submerging workshops and displacing thousands of residents.
Artisans and merchants suffered heavy losses as goods and infrastructure were ruined by the deluge.
Villani's vivid account preserved the memory of one of medieval Florence's worst natural disasters.
The event led to improved flood defenses and influenced urban planning in the centuries that followed.
1333
River Arno
Florence
Giovanni Villani
1468day.year
Liège is sacked by Charles I of Burgundy's troops.
In 1468, Charles I of Burgundy's troops sack Liège, leaving the city in ruins and asserting Burgundian power.
In autumn 1468, Charles I, Duke of Burgundy, launched an assault on the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
His well-equipped Burgundian army breached the city's walls after a swift campaign, catching defenders off-guard.
The sack left Liège in ruins, with many buildings burned and much of the population displaced.
Courts and civic institutions were dismantled as Charles sought to punish the city for its rebellion.
The brutal conquest solidified Burgundian influence in the region and served as a warning to other dissident territories.
Despite the devastation, Liège would gradually rebuild and retain its identity in the Low Countries.
1468
Liège
Charles I of Burgundy
1492day.year
Peace of Etaples between Henry VII of England and Charles VIII of France.
On November 3, 1492, Henry VII of England and Charles VIII of France sign the Peace of Etaples, ending hostilities and securing English interests.
The Peace of Etaples was signed on November 3, 1492, between King Henry VII of England and King Charles VIII of France.
This treaty ended conflict over French support for Yorkist claimants to the English throne.
Under its terms, France agreed to pay a substantial pension to England and ceased backing pretenders.
Henry secured recognition of his rule and financial indemnities, bolstering his tenuous position at home.
The agreement also included clauses on trade and non-aggression, improving relations between the two powers.
The Peace of Etaples marked a diplomatic success for the Tudor monarchy and set the stage for relative stability.
1492
Peace of Etaples
Henry VII of England
Charles VIII of France
1493day.year
Christopher Columbus first sights the island of Dominica in the Caribbean Sea.
During his second voyage in 1493, Christopher Columbus first sights the island of Dominica in the Caribbean Sea.
On November 3, 1493, Christopher Columbus spotted Dominica during his second expedition to the New World.
Approaching the island in the Caribbean, his crew observed a rugged landscape of mountains and dense forests.
Naming it Domingo in honor of the Christian Sabbath, Columbus anchored offshore to examine its shores.
The sighting expanded European maps of the Caribbean and opened Dominica to subsequent Spanish exploration.
Despite initial contact, the island proved difficult to colonize due to its terrain and resistance from indigenous peoples.
Dominica would later change hands among colonial powers, but its first European encounter began with Columbus's voyage.
1493
Christopher Columbus
Dominica
Caribbean Sea
1534day.year
English Parliament passes the first Act of Supremacy, making King Henry VIII head of the Anglican Church, supplanting the pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
In 1534, the English Parliament enacts the First Act of Supremacy, declaring King Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England.
King Henry VIII's First Act of Supremacy was passed by the English Parliament in November 1534.
This landmark legislation broke England's ties with the Pope and established the monarch as head of the Anglican Church.
By rejecting papal authority, it allowed Henry to control church doctrine, appointments, and wealth within his realm.
The Act transformed the religious landscape of England and sparked the English Reformation.
It led to the dissolution of monasteries and the redistribution of church lands to royal supporters.
The assertion of royal supremacy had profound political and social consequences, reshaping English identity for generations.
1534
the first Act of Supremacy
Henry VIII
Roman Catholic Church
1783day.year
The American Continental Army is disbanded.
In 1783, the American Continental Army is officially disbanded following the end of the Revolutionary War.
Following the Treaty of Paris and the end of the American Revolutionary War, the Continental Army was disbanded on November 3, 1783.
Centered in Newburgh, New York, General George Washington and his officers oversaw the orderly demobilization of troops.
Soldiers returned home after years of conflict, many facing uncertain economic prospects and regional resettlement.
The disbandment marked the transition from wartime governance to peacetime republican rule under the fledgling United States.
Washington's decision to relinquish military power reinforced civilian control of the armed forces and democratic ideals.
This event closed the chapter on a revolutionary army and set a precedent for military subordination to civilian authority.
1783
Continental Army
1791day.year
The University of Vermont, the oldest university in Vermont, and fifth-oldest in New England, is chartered.
The University of Vermont, chartered on November 3, 1791, becomes Vermont's oldest university and the fifth-oldest in New England.
On November 3, 1791, the University of Vermont received its charter, establishing it as Vermont's first institution of higher learning.
Founded in Burlington, the university opened its doors to students two years later, fostering education on the American frontier.
As the fifth-oldest university in New England, it played a key role in training civic leaders and professionals.
The institution evolved over centuries, expanding its academic offerings and research initiatives.
UVM became known for its programs in agriculture, medicine, and environmental studies, reflecting regional needs.
Today, the university maintains a strong commitment to public service and innovation in higher education.
1791
University of Vermont
1793day.year
French playwright, journalist and feminist Olympe de Gouges is guillotined.
French feminist trailblazer Olympe de Gouges is executed by guillotine in 1793 during the Reign of Terror.
Olympe de Gouges, a pioneering playwright and advocate for women's rights, was guillotined on November 3, 1793.
She authored the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, challenging gender inequalities in revolutionary France.
Her outspoken criticism of the Jacobins and support for social reforms led to her arrest and trial.
De Gouges was convicted of treason and executed, becoming a martyr for feminist and humanist causes.
Her writings laid the groundwork for later women's rights movements and continue to inspire activists.
The fate of Olympe de Gouges highlights the turmoil of the Reign of Terror and the risks facing political dissidents.
1793
feminist
Olympe de Gouges
guillotined
1812day.year
Napoleon's armies are defeated at the Battle of Vyazma.
A key defeat for Napoleon during his Russian retreat at Vyazma.
In November 1812, as Napoleon's Grande Armée retreated from Moscow, Russian forces engaged them at Vyazma. The French troops suffered heavy losses in men and material due to relentless Cossack attacks and harsh weather conditions. The defeat at Vyazma further weakened Napoleon's army, contributing to its catastrophic collapse. Supply lines were overextended and morale plummeted amidst the biting cold. This engagement exemplified the harsh realities of the Russian campaign and foreshadowed the decline of French power in Europe.
1812
Napoleon
Battle of Vyazma
1817day.year
The Bank of Montreal, Canada's oldest chartered bank, opens in Montreal.
Canada's first chartered bank opens, marking a milestone in North American finance.
On November 3, 1817, the Bank of Montreal opened its doors in what was then Lower Canada. Established by a group of Montreal merchants, it became the first institution in Canada to receive a royal charter. The bank provided vital credit and currency services that fueled trade and economic growth in the young colony. Over the centuries, it has grown into one of North America's leading financial institutions. Its founding laid the foundation for modern banking in Canada and helped shape the country's commercial landscape.
1817
Bank of Montreal
chartered bank
Montreal