1935day.year
The Committee for Industrial Organization, the precursor to the Congress of Industrial Organizations, is founded in Atlantic City, New Jersey, by eight trade unions belonging to the American Federation of Labor.
The Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) was founded in Atlantic City by eight AFL trade unions, marking the start of a major American labor movement.
In 1935, eight major trade unions under the American Federation of Labor came together to form the Committee for Industrial Organization in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The CIO aimed to organize workers across entire industries rather than by craft, challenging traditional union structures. Led by figures such as John L. Lewis, it sought to unionize mass-production industries like steel and automobiles. The new group quickly attracted millions of workers and invigorated labor activism across the United States. Its establishment laid the groundwork for the eventual formation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1938. The CIO became one of the most influential labor organizations in American history, advocating for workers' rights and fair labor standards.
1935
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Atlantic City, New Jersey
trade unions
American Federation of Labor
1960day.year
Robert McNamara is named president of the Ford Motor Company, becoming the first non-Ford family member to serve in that post. He resigns a month later to join the newly elected John F. Kennedy administration.
Robert McNamara became the first non-Ford family member appointed president of Ford Motor Company before leaving to join JFK’s administration.
In November 1960, Robert McNamara was appointed president of the Ford Motor Company, breaking the century-old tradition of Ford family leadership. A former U.S. Department of Defense analyst and Harvard Business School graduate, McNamara introduced modern management methods and data-driven decision-making at the automaker. His tenure lasted just one month, as President-elect John F. Kennedy invited him to serve as Secretary of Defense. McNamara’s brief stint at Ford highlighted the growing influence of professional managers in American industry. At the Pentagon, he implemented organizational reforms and strategic planning tools he had refined at Ford. His career bridged the worlds of corporate management and public service, shaping both Cold War defense policy and modern business practices.
1960
Robert McNamara
Ford Motor Company
John F. Kennedy
1998day.year
A U.S. federal judge, in the largest civil settlement in American history, orders 37 U.S. brokerage houses to pay US$1.03 billion to cheated NASDAQ investors to compensate for price fixing.
In a landmark ruling, a U.S. federal judge orders 37 brokerage houses to pay $1.03 billion for NASDAQ price fixing.
In a massive civil lawsuit over illicit price-fixing schemes on the NASDAQ exchange, a U.S. federal judge approved the largest civil settlement in American history to date. The ruling required 37 brokerage firms to collectively pay US$1.03 billion to investors who had been overcharged by manipulated trading practices. Plaintiffs alleged that brokers colluded to artificially inflate transaction prices and defraud both retail and institutional customers. The settlement covered trading activity between 1994 and 1997 and aimed to restore confidence in market integrity. Several firms agreed to the payout without admitting wrongdoing. This case set a precedent for antitrust enforcement in financial markets and spurred regulatory reforms in trade reporting and execution standards.
1998
NASDAQ
price fixing