474day.year
Emperor Leo II dies after a reign of ten months. He is succeeded by his father Zeno, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.
Emperor Leo II of the Byzantine Empire dies after a ten-month reign, and his father Zeno becomes the sole ruler.
Emperor Leo II, the grandson of Leo I, ascended the Byzantine throne at the age of seven but ruled for only ten months. His early death on November 10, 474, shocked the empire. Upon his death, his father Zeno assumed sole control, reversing earlier power-sharing arrangements. Zeno's reign would face significant challenges, including revolts and external threats. This succession marked a turning point in the late Roman Empire's dynastic politics. The abrupt end of Leo II's rule underscored the fragility of child emperors in Byzantine succession.
474
Leo II
Zeno
Byzantine Empire
937day.year
Ten Kingdoms: Li Bian usurps the throne and deposes Emperor Yang Pu. The Wu State is replaced by Li (now called "Xu Zhigao"), who becomes the first ruler of Southern Tang.
Li Bian overthrows Emperor Yang Pu to end the Wu State and establishes the Southern Tang dynasty in southern China.
Li Bian, a former general of the Wu state, seized power in 937 and forced Emperor Yang Pu to abdicate. He declared himself the ruler of a new dynasty known as Southern Tang, taking on the name Xu Zhigao. This coup ended the Wu state and reshaped the power dynamics of the Ten Kingdoms period. Southern Tang would go on to be one of the most prosperous and culturally vibrant of the southern realms. Li Bian's usurpation showcased the era's political fragmentation after the fall of the Tang dynasty. His reign laid the foundations for a stable administration and economic growth in southern China.
937
Ten Kingdoms
Li Bian
Yang Pu
Wu State
Southern Tang
1202day.year
Fourth Crusade: Despite letters from Pope Innocent III forbidding it and threatening excommunication, Catholic crusaders begin a siege of Zara (now Zadar, Croatia).
Catholic crusaders launch an unauthorized siege of the Christian city Zara, defying Pope Innocent III's orders.
Despite explicit orders from Pope Innocent III forbidding any attack, crusaders of the Fourth Crusade began the siege of the Christian city of Zara (modern Zadar, Croatia) on November 10, 1202. The assault marked the first time Western Catholic forces attacked a fellow Christian city. Pope Innocent III threatened excommunication to deter the crusaders, but monetary debts and Venetian interests overrode papal authority. The siege lasted for weeks and ended with the city's capture and pillaging. The incident foreshadowed further diversion of the crusade toward Constantinople, fracturing Christian unity. The attack on Zara remains a highly controversial episode in crusading history.
1202
Fourth Crusade
Pope Innocent III
excommunication
begin a siege
Zadar, Croatia
1293day.year
Raden Wijaya is crowned as the first monarch of Majapahit kingdom of Java, taking the throne name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana.
Raden Wijaya is crowned as the first monarch of Java's Majapahit Empire, adopting the regal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana.
On November 10, 1293, Raden Wijaya was crowned as the first monarch of the Majapahit kingdom on Java, adopting the regal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. His rise followed successful battles against the Mongol Yuan fleet and rival Javanese kingdoms. The establishment of Majapahit under his leadership heralded a golden age of Javanese culture, art, and expansion. Kertarajasa's reign laid the administrative and military foundations for Majapahit's future dominance in Southeast Asia. He promoted trade networks reaching as far as India and China. His coronation is celebrated as a pivotal moment in Indonesian history.
1293
Raden Wijaya
Majapahit
Java
1444day.year
Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Władysław III of Poland (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Władysław III of Varna) are defeated by the Turks under Sultan Murad II and Władysław is killed.
At the Battle of Varna, King Władysław III's crusading army suffers a crushing defeat by Sultan Murad II's forces, and the king falls in battle.
At the Battle of Varna on November 10, 1444, the crusading army led by King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary clashed with the forces of Ottoman Sultan Murad II. The European coalition aimed to halt Ottoman expansion into the Balkans but was decisively defeated. King Władysław III fell in battle, leading to a major blow to Christian resistance in the region. The victory solidified Ottoman control over Southeastern Europe for decades. The battle demonstrated the effectiveness of Ottoman military organization and tactics. Varna became a symbol of both heroic resistance and catastrophic loss for the crusaders.
1444
Battle of Varna
Władysław III of Poland
Turks
Murad II
1599day.year
Åbo Bloodbath: Fourteen noblemen who opposed Duke Charles are decapitated in the Old Great Square of Turku (Swedish: Åbo) for their involvement in the War against Sigismund.
In the Åbo Bloodbath, fourteen noblemen opposing Duke Charles are executed in Turku's Old Great Square after the War against Sigismund.
During the Åbo Bloodbath on November 10, 1599, fourteen Finnish noblemen who supported King Sigismund were executed in the Old Great Square of Turku. Ordered by Duke Charles, later King Charles IX of Sweden, the mass beheadings followed a civil conflict over the Swedish throne. The executions served to consolidate Duke Charles's power and intimidate opposition. The event deepened divisions within Swedish and Finnish nobility during the War against Sigismund. The brutality shocked Europe and earned lasting infamy in Finland's history. The Åbo Bloodbath remains a stark example of political violence in the early modern era.
1599
Åbo Bloodbath
Duke Charles
Old Great Square
Turku
Swedish
War against Sigismund
1659day.year
Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Maratha King kills Afzal Khan, Adilshahi in the battle popularly known as Battle of Pratapgarh.
Maratha ruler Shivaji Maharaj ambushes and kills Adilshahi general Afzal Khan at the Battle of Pratapgarh, marking a pivotal moment in Maratha expansion.
At the Battle of Pratapgarh on November 10, 1659, the Maratha leader Shivaji Maharaj ambushed and killed the Adil Shahi general Afzal Khan. Shivaji used strategic planning and psychological tactics to lure Khan into a narrow pass, where he fell into a knife trap. This decisive victory bolstered Maratha morale and laid the groundwork for Shivaji's future campaigns against the Deccan Sultanates. The battle showcased Shivaji's skill as a guerrilla warrior and leader. Afzal Khan's death marked a turning point in Maratha resistance against Adil Shahi rule. Pratapgarh is celebrated as one of Shivaji's most legendary triumphs.
1659
Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Maratha King
Afzal Khan
Adilshahi
Battle of Pratapgarh
1674day.year
Third Anglo-Dutch War: As provided in the Treaty of Westminster, Netherlands cedes New Netherland to England.
Under the Treaty of Westminster, the Dutch Republic formally transfers control of New Netherland to England, reshaping colonial North America.
Pursuant to the Treaty of Westminster on November 10, 1674, the Dutch Republic formally ceded New Netherland to England following the Third Anglo-Dutch War. The transfer ended decades of Dutch colonial presence in North America. Key settlements such as New Amsterdam were renamed, with New York City becoming a cornerstone of British colonial development. The treaty reshaped trade routes and imperial competition in the Atlantic world. English control facilitated the expansion of English law and institutions in the region. The cession of New Netherland marked a significant shift in colonial power between European rivals.
1674
Third Anglo-Dutch War
Treaty of Westminster
New Netherland
England
1702day.year
English colonists under the command of James Moore besiege Spanish St. Augustine during Queen Anne's War.
During Queen Anne's War, English forces led by James Moore lay siege to Spanish-held St. Augustine, Florida.
During Queen Anne's War on November 10, 1702, English colonial forces led by Governor James Moore besieged the Spanish fortress town of St. Augustine in Florida. Moore aimed to weaken Spanish influence and secure territorial gains for England. The siege lasted several weeks but ultimately failed due to strong Spanish defenses and reinforcements. The campaign demonstrated the strategic importance of Florida in colonial rivalries. Although unsuccessful, the siege intensified tensions and led to harsher frontier skirmishes. St. Augustine's survival underlined Spain's determination to maintain its New World holdings.
1702
James Moore
besiege
St. Augustine
Queen Anne's War
1766day.year
The last colonial governor of New Jersey, William Franklin, signs the charter of Queen's College (later renamed Rutgers University).
William Franklin, the last royal governor of New Jersey, signs the charter founding Queen's College, later to become Rutgers University.
On November 10, 1766, William Franklin, the last royal governor of New Jersey and son of Benjamin Franklin, signed the charter establishing Queen's College. The institution was founded to provide classical education to young men in the colony and promote the Church of England's teachings. Over time, Queen's College expanded its curriculum, survived the Revolutionary War, and evolved into Rutgers University. The college's origins reflect the religious and educational priorities of colonial America. Rutgers would grow into a leading public research university in New Jersey. This founding moment is celebrated as a key chapter in early American higher education.
1766
New Jersey
William Franklin
Rutgers University
1775day.year
The United States Marine Corps is founded at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia by Samuel Nicholas.
The United States Marine Corps is established in Philadelphia on November 10, 1775, marking the birth of America’s naval infantry.
Samuel Nicholas established the United States Marine Corps at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia as America’s naval infantry during the Revolutionary War. Originally raised to seize British vessels offshore, the Corps quickly earned a reputation for tenacity and discipline. Tun Tavern served as its unlikely birthplace, symbolizing the resourcefulness of the fledgling nation. Over time, the USMC evolved into a premier expeditionary force known for its motto 'First to Fight'. The founding of the Corps laid the foundation for America’s modern amphibious warfare capabilities and global presence.
1775
United States Marine Corps
founded
Tun Tavern
Philadelphia
Samuel Nicholas
1793day.year
A Goddess of Reason is proclaimed by the French Convention at the suggestion of Pierre Gaspard Chaumette.
During the French Revolution, the Convention proclaims a Goddess of Reason in Paris as part of radical de-Christianization efforts.
At the height of the French Revolution, the National Convention officially declared the Goddess of Reason, personifying secular virtue and enlightenment. Influenced by radical leader Pierre Gaspard Chaumette, this act replaced traditional religious symbols with revolutionary iconography. Festivals of Reason followed, featuring ceremonies in former churches now turned Temples of Reason. The proclamation reflected the Convention's goal to break from the Catholic Church and promote civic morality. Although short-lived, the cult of Reason symbolized the revolutionaries' ambition to reorder society and authority around rationalist ideals.
1793
Goddess of Reason
French Convention
Pierre Gaspard Chaumette