308day.year
At Carnuntum, Emperor emeritus Diocletian confers with Galerius, Augustus of the East, and Maximianus, the recently returned former Augustus of the West, in an attempt to end the civil wars of the Tetrarchy.
In 308, Emperor Diocletian meets Galerius and Maximianus at Carnuntum to negotiate an end to the Tetrarchy's civil wars.
In the early 4th century, the Roman Empire was governed by the Tetrarchy, a system of four rulers sharing power.
After Diocletian retired in 305, tensions rose between the remaining emperors and the newly returned Maximianus.
In 308 at Carnuntum, Diocletian called a summit with Galerius and Maximianus to negotiate peace.
The meeting addressed succession disputes, territorial boundaries, and the balance of military command.
Galerius represented the interests of the East, while Maximianus sought to reclaim authority in the West.
Though no definitive resolution was reached, the conference highlighted the fragility of divided rule.
This gathering at Carnuntum marked a key moment in the eventual reorganization of imperial power.
308
Carnuntum
Diocletian
Galerius
Augustus
Maximianus
civil wars of the Tetrarchy
1028day.year
Constantine VIII dies, ending his uninterrupted reign as emperor or co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire of 66 years.
Byzantine Emperor Constantine VIII dies in 1028, concluding an unprecedented 66-year reign as co-emperor and sole ruler.
Constantine VIII became co-emperor at a young age alongside his brother Basil II in 976.
After Basil II's death in 1025, Constantine assumed full imperial authority over the Byzantine Empire.
His six-and-a-half decades as emperor or co-emperor marked one of the longest reigns in Byzantine history.
His era saw relative stability but was also criticized for court intrigues and financial strains.
Constantine's childless death in 1028 led to the succession of his son-in-law, Romanos III Argyros.
This transition ushered in a new dynasty and reshaped the empire's political landscape.
His legacy is remembered for both the endurance and challenges of his prolonged rule.
1028
Constantine VIII
emperor or co-emperor
Byzantine Empire
1100day.year
Henry I of England marries Matilda of Scotland, the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and a direct descendant of the Saxon king Edmund Ironside; Matilda is crowned on the same day.
King Henry I of England weds Matilda of Scotland in 1100, crowning her queen on their wedding day to cement dynastic ties.
On November 11, 1100, Henry I married Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland.
Matilda was a granddaughter of King Edmund Ironside, linking the Norman and Saxon dynasties.
The ceremony took place at Westminster Abbey, where Matilda received her coronation.
This union strengthened Henry's claim to the English throne and fostered peace with Scotland.
Matilda's Saxon heritage was significant in legitimizing Norman rule after 1066.
Their marriage produced two surviving children, securing the royal succession.
The alliance reshaped Anglo-Scottish relations for generations to come.
1100
Henry I of England
Matilda of Scotland
Malcolm III of Scotland
Edmund Ironside
1215day.year
The Fourth Council of the Lateran meets, defining the doctrine of transubstantiation, the process by which bread and wine are, by that doctrine, said to transform into the body and blood of Christ.
The Fourth Lateran Council convenes in 1215, formally defining the doctrine of transubstantiation in Christian theology.
Pope Innocent III summoned the Fourth Lateran Council to Viterbo but it met in Rome in November 1215.
Over 400 bishops and church leaders gathered to address church reform and doctrinal clarity.
The council's most famous decree established transubstantiation as essential belief.
It declared that bread and wine truly become the body and blood of Christ during the Eucharist.
The council also introduced measures against heresy and regulated clerical life.
It mandated annual confession and communion for all Christians.
The Fourth Lateran Council had a lasting impact on medieval piety and church authority.
1215
Fourth Council of the Lateran
transubstantiation
Christ
1500day.year
Treaty of Granada: Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them.
In 1500, France and Aragon sign the Treaty of Granada, partitioning the Kingdom of Naples between Louis XII and Ferdinand II.
On November 11, 1500, Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon concluded the Treaty of Granada.
The agreement divided the wealthy Kingdom of Naples into two spheres of influence.
France took control of the northern provinces, while Aragon held the southern territories.
This settlement ended competing claims and formalized Franco-Spanish cooperation.
It reflected the shifting alliances of Renaissance Europe amid the Italian Wars.
Local nobility and rival claimants were sidelined in favor of the two monarchs.
The treaty reshaped Italian politics and set the stage for future conflicts.
1500
Treaty of Granada
Louis XII of France
Ferdinand II of Aragon
Kingdom of Naples
1620day.year
The Mayflower Compact is signed in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod.
The Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower sign the Mayflower Compact in 1620, establishing a self-governing colony contract.
Anchored off Cape Cod on November 11, 1620, the Pilgrims drafted the Mayflower Compact.
Fifty-one male passengers signed this social contract aboard the Mayflower.
It pledged loyalty to King James I and commitment to self-governance.
This compact laid the foundation for representative democracy in New England.
It addressed the absence of a formal charter and ensured order among settlers.
The document emphasized just and equal laws enacted for the general good.
Historians view it as a precursor to American constitutional government.
1620
Mayflower Compact
Provincetown Harbor
Cape Cod
1634day.year
Following pressure from Anglican bishop John Atherton, the Irish House of Commons passes An Act for the Punishment for the Vice of Buggery.
In 1634, the Irish House of Commons enacts severe penalties for buggery, marking one of the earliest anti-sodomy laws in Ireland.
Under pressure from Anglican bishop John Atherton, the Irish Parliament passed the Act for the Punishment of the Vice of Buggery.
The 1634 law prescribed death by hanging for convicted offenders.
It reflected prevailing moral and religious attitudes toward sexuality in the early modern era.
Atherton's campaign highlighted the church's influence over Irish legislation.
Historians note that enforcement of the law was sporadic and politically charged.
This act became a reference point for later British and Irish sodomy laws.
It underscores the complex interplay of religion, law, and social norms in 17th-century Ireland.
1634
Anglican
John Atherton
Irish House of Commons
Buggery
1750day.year
Riots break out in Lhasa after the murder of the Tibetan regent.
In 1750, riots erupted in Lhasa following the assassination of the Tibetan regent, sparking widespread unrest.
In November 1750, Lhasa descended into violent turmoil after the murder of the Tibetan regent.
Citizens, outraged by the sudden power vacuum, took to the streets in protest.
The uprising saw attacks on government officials and key monasteries, overwhelming local authorities.
Military forces struggled to restore order amid the chaos that swept the city.
The riots marked a critical moment in Tibetan politics, revealing deep divisions within the leadership.
The disturbances had lasting effects on regional governance and stability.
1750
Riots break out
Lhasa
Tibetan
1865day.year
Treaty of Sinchula is signed whereby Bhutan cedes the areas east of the Teesta River to the British East India Company.
In 1865, Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchula, ceding territory east of the Teesta River to the British East India Company.
On November 11, 1865, Bhutan and the British East India Company signed the Treaty of Sinchula, formally ending the Bhutan War of 1864–65.
Under the agreement, Bhutan relinquished its territories east of the Teesta River to British control.
In return, the company provided Bhutan with an annual subsidy of 50,000 rupees.
The treaty established new boundaries and marked the beginning of formal British influence in Bhutan.
It reshaped the region’s geopolitical landscape and secured British trade routes to Tibet.
The Treaty of Sinchula remained in effect until superseded by later agreements in the early 20th century.
1865
Treaty of Sinchula
Bhutan
Teesta River
British East India Company
1869day.year
The Victorian Aboriginal Protection Act is enacted in Australia, giving the government control of indigenous people's wages, their terms of employment, where they could live, and of their children, effectively leading to the Stolen Generations.
The 1869 Aboriginal Protection Act granted the Victorian government sweeping control over Indigenous people’s wages, employment, and family life, paving the way for the Stolen Generations.
The Act empowered authorities to regulate every aspect of Aboriginal lives, from labor contracts to residency. It authorized the removal of mixed-descent children from their families, severing cultural and familial bonds. Under this law, state officials could determine where Indigenous people lived and how they worked. Over decades, thousands of children were placed in institutions or with settlers, erasing connections to their heritage. The legislation remained in force into the 20th century, entrenching systemic discrimination. Its legacy of trauma and displacement has prompted national apologies and reconciliation efforts in Australia today.
1869
Victorian
Aboriginal Protection Act
Stolen Generations
1880day.year
Australian bushranger Ned Kelly is hanged at Melbourne Gaol.
Infamous bushranger Ned Kelly was executed at Melbourne Gaol in 1880 after a storied life of outlawry and rebellion.
Ned Kelly, leader of the Kelly Gang, became a symbol of resistance against colonial authorities. After a dramatic siege at Glenrowan, he was captured and brought to Melbourne for trial. Found guilty of murder, Kelly was sentenced to death and hanged on this day. His last moments and the ornate armor he wore during his outlaw days captured public imagination. Over time, Kelly evolved into a folk hero, inspiring ballads, books, and films. Debates about his motives and legacy continue to evoke Australia’s colonial history and questions of social justice.
1880
bushranger
Ned Kelly
Melbourne Gaol
1887day.year
Four convicted anarchists were executed as a result of the Haymarket affair.
In 1887, four anarchists were executed following the controversial Haymarket affair trial in Chicago.
The Haymarket affair began with a labor rally in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent after a bomb was thrown at police. Eight leaders were arrested amid public outcry and suspicion of anarchist conspiracies. Four of the convicted—Engel, Fischer, Parsons, and Spies—were hanged on this day, despite weak evidence and questionable testimony. Their executions sparked international protests and debates over free speech and labor rights. The incident became a pivotal moment in the global labor movement, leading to May Day commemorations. In later years, the men were pardoned, and the trial is often cited as a miscarriage of justice fueled by social unrest.
1887
anarchists
Haymarket affair