November 13

Born around 800 AD in medieval Italy. Elected pope in 858 and served until his death in 867. Defended the autonomy of the Church against secular rulers such as Emperor Louis II. Presided over the Council of Milan in 860, issuing decrees that shaped ecclesiastical law. Supported missionary work and promoted liturgical uniformity across Europe. Wrote extensive letters addressing theological and political issues. His papacy marked a high point in early medieval ecclesiastical influence.

Little is known about his early life and origins. He held the title of Jarl of Devonshire and led Danish settlements in southwestern England. He participated in Viking raids and collected tribute from local Anglo-Saxon communities. His leadership exemplified the Norse influence on English politics during this era. Pallig's death in 1002 occurred amid rising tensions and uprisings against Danish settlers. His life reflects the complex interactions between Vikings and the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

Very little is recorded about her personal life beyond her marriage to Pallig. She was part of a Norse noble household during the Viking Age in England. Her death in 1002 occurred amidst unrest and uprisings against Danish settlers. Historical sources about her are scarce, and her story is largely intertwined with her husband's legacy. Gunhilde's life highlights the often overlooked roles of women in medieval Norse society.

Born around 945 in the region of Orléans, France. He entered the Abbey of Fleury and became abbot, guiding the community through reform. Abbo was a prolific author, writing treatises on theology, liturgy, and grammar. He traveled to Monte Cassino and Rome, exchanging ideas with leading scholars of his time. His efforts promoted uniform liturgical practices across European monasteries. He was venerated as a saint after his death in 1004, and his works influenced generations of monastic scholarship.

Born around 1010 into the influential House of Luxembourg. Little is known about his personal achievements or titles. He lived during the high Middle Ages under the Holy Roman Empire. Historical records do not provide detailed accounts of his activities. He died in 1072, leaving behind few traces in the written sources. His life illustrates the challenges of reconstructing early medieval genealogy and nobility.

Born around 1031 as the son of King Duncan I of Scotland. He claimed the throne in 1057, defeating and killing Macbeth at Lumphanan. Malcolm's long reign brought stability and reasserted clan leadership across Scotland. He married Margaret of Wessex, whose influence brought cultural and religious reforms. His support for Norman ties led to changes in governance and feudal practices. Malcolm died in 1093 during an invasion in Northumberland, shaping Scottish-English relations.

Born in 1089 as Fulk V, Count of Anjou and Maine in France. He married Queen Melisende in 1129 and was crowned King of Jerusalem in 1131. Fulk fortified key cities, such as Beirut and Acre, to defend against Muslim forces. He navigated complex relations with the native nobility and the Latin Patriarchate. His reign saw the consolidation of Crusader holdings and alliances with European nobility. Fulk died in 1143 after a fall from his horse, leaving a stable kingdom to his successors.

A son of Mstislav I of Kiev, Iziaslav claimed the Kievan throne in 1146. He faced repeated challenges from rival princes and was deposed in 1149. Regaining power in 1151, he continued to navigate complex princely alliances. His rule struggled to maintain unity among the Rus' principalities. Iziaslav sought support from neighboring powers, including Hungary and Poland. He died in 1154, leaving a legacy of factional conflict in the Kievan realm.

Born into the Capetian dynasty, Henry was raised within the royal court environment. He took holy orders and was named Archbishop of Reims, the traditional site for French coronations. He managed important ecclesiastical affairs and supported reforms in church governance. Under his leadership, Reims Cathedral saw both liturgical advancements and structural developments. He participated in the crowning ceremonies of French monarchs, reinforcing the alliance of church and crown. Henry passed away in 1175, leaving a legacy of royal service within the church.

Little is known about his early life prior to his episcopal appointment. Consecrated Bishop of Lincoln in the late 13th century, he oversaw a vast diocese. He prioritized the restoration and expansion of Lincoln Cathedral after periods of damage. Sutton implemented administrative reforms to improve clergy discipline and parish care. He engaged with both the English crown and the papacy to address church matters. His death in 1299 concluded a significant tenure marked by both spiritual and structural achievements.

Eric VI of Denmark, also called Eric Menved, ascended the throne at age 12 in 1286. He sought to centralize royal power and engaged in conflicts with the nobility. His reign was marked by heavy taxation to fund military campaigns and diplomatic ventures. He founded monasteries and supported the Church as part of efforts to legitimize his rule. Eric's death in 1319 ended a tumultuous reign that significantly shaped medieval Denmark.

Born in 1323 to Infante Manuel of Castile, Constance married Pedro I of Portugal in 1340. As queen consort, she strengthened the alliance between Portugal and Castile. Her marriage produced several children who influenced Iberian politics in the 14th century. Constance was known for her piety and patronage of religious orders during her short tenure. She died at the age of 22 in 1345, leaving a lasting imprint on the Portuguese royal lineage.