November 13

Little is known about his early life and origins. He held the title of Jarl of Devonshire and led Danish settlements in southwestern England. He participated in Viking raids and collected tribute from local Anglo-Saxon communities. His leadership exemplified the Norse influence on English politics during this era. Pallig's death in 1002 occurred amid rising tensions and uprisings against Danish settlers. His life reflects the complex interactions between Vikings and the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

Born around 1031 as the son of King Duncan I of Scotland. He claimed the throne in 1057, defeating and killing Macbeth at Lumphanan. Malcolm's long reign brought stability and reasserted clan leadership across Scotland. He married Margaret of Wessex, whose influence brought cultural and religious reforms. His support for Norman ties led to changes in governance and feudal practices. Malcolm died in 1093 during an invasion in Northumberland, shaping Scottish-English relations.

Born in 1089 as Fulk V, Count of Anjou and Maine in France. He married Queen Melisende in 1129 and was crowned King of Jerusalem in 1131. Fulk fortified key cities, such as Beirut and Acre, to defend against Muslim forces. He navigated complex relations with the native nobility and the Latin Patriarchate. His reign saw the consolidation of Crusader holdings and alliances with European nobility. Fulk died in 1143 after a fall from his horse, leaving a stable kingdom to his successors.

A son of Mstislav I of Kiev, Iziaslav claimed the Kievan throne in 1146. He faced repeated challenges from rival princes and was deposed in 1149. Regaining power in 1151, he continued to navigate complex princely alliances. His rule struggled to maintain unity among the Rus' principalities. Iziaslav sought support from neighboring powers, including Hungary and Poland. He died in 1154, leaving a legacy of factional conflict in the Kievan realm.

Eric VI of Denmark, also called Eric Menved, ascended the throne at age 12 in 1286. He sought to centralize royal power and engaged in conflicts with the nobility. His reign was marked by heavy taxation to fund military campaigns and diplomatic ventures. He founded monasteries and supported the Church as part of efforts to legitimize his rule. Eric's death in 1319 ended a tumultuous reign that significantly shaped medieval Denmark.

Born in 1323 to Infante Manuel of Castile, Constance married Pedro I of Portugal in 1340. As queen consort, she strengthened the alliance between Portugal and Castile. Her marriage produced several children who influenced Iberian politics in the 14th century. Constance was known for her piety and patronage of religious orders during her short tenure. She died at the age of 22 in 1345, leaving a lasting imprint on the Portuguese royal lineage.

Ivan II of Moscow succeeded his father as Grand Prince in 1353. During his reign, he reinforced alliances with neighboring principalities. He focused on internal administration and the strengthening of the Orthodox Church. Ivan managed to maintain Moscow's growth despite the pressures of the Golden Horde. His death in 1359 paved the way for the long and influential reign of his brother Dmitry Donskoy.

Born in 1404 into the powerful Burgundian ducal family, Anne was the daughter of Duke John the Fearless. She married John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, in 1423, strengthening the English-Burgundian alliance. As Duchess of Bedford, she played a role in supporting English claims in France during the Hundred Years' War. Anne was noted for her cultural patronage and charitable works in both Burgundy and England. She died in 1432, leaving a legacy as a diplomatic bridge between two medieval European powers.

Joan Beaufort was born into the English royal family as the daughter of John of Gaunt. She married Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, becoming Countess of Westmorland. Joan held significant influence at court and served as a trusted advisor during the minority of Henry VI. She was known for her charitable foundations and patronage of religious institutions. Her death in 1440 marked the passing of a matriarch whose descendants would shape English politics for generations.

Sophia Dorothea of Celle (1666–1726) was Electress of Hanover and briefly Queen consort of Prussia. Born into the ducal family of Brunswick-Lüneburg, she married her cousin George Louis (later George I of Great Britain) in 1682. Her marriage became strained by personal and political conflicts, leading to her alleged affair and dramatic arrest. She spent 30 years confined at Ahlden Castle, separated from her children and the royal court. Her life remains a compelling tale of power, scandal, and resilience in European history.

George Grenville (1712–1770) was a British statesman who served as Prime Minister from 1763 to 1765. As Chancellor of the Exchequer, he worked to repair the nation's finances after the costly Seven Years' War. Grenville's Stamp Act of 1765 taxed printed materials in the American colonies, provoking fierce opposition and contributing to the American Revolution. He also pursued customs reforms and strengthened enforcement of trade regulations across the empire. His legacy remains intertwined with imperial fiscal policy and early American resistance to British rule.

Ignacio Comonfort (1812–1863) was a Mexican soldier and liberal politician. He served as President of Mexico from 1855 to 1858, during a period of intense political upheaval. Comonfort played a key role in drafting and enacting the 1857 Constitution, advancing secularism and civil rights. Confronted by conservative backlash, he struggled to balance reformist ideals with national stability. His tenure influenced Mexico's path toward modern governance and legal reforms.