332 BC
Alexander the Great is crowned pharaoh of Egypt.
In 332 BC, Alexander the Great is crowned pharaoh of Egypt, solidifying his rule over the former Persian territory.
In 332 BC, after defeating Persian forces, Alexander the Great enters Egypt and is hailed as a liberator. He is formally crowned pharaoh, blending Macedonian and Egyptian traditions. His coronation marks Egypt’s integration into his burgeoning empire. Alexander honors local customs by adopting Egyptian royal rituals. This event paves the way for the foundation of Alexandria, a city that will become a center of Hellenistic culture. His reign ushers in a period of economic and cultural fusion that influences the Mediterranean world for centuries.
332 BC
Alexander the Great
pharaoh
Egypt
1918day.year
The Provisional National Assembly of the new republic of Czechoslovakia meets to devise a constitution.
The Provisional National Assembly of Czechoslovakia convenes to draft a constitution for the new republic following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918.
On November 14, 1918, representatives of the newly independent Czechoslovakia meet in Prague for the first session of the Provisional National Assembly. Led by figures like Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, they begin the process of creating a democratic constitution. The assembly debates issues of national identity, minority rights, and the division of powers. This foundational meeting marks the birth of Czechoslovakia as a sovereign state in the aftermath of World War I. The assembly’s work sets the legal and political framework that will guide the nation through its formative years.
1918
Czechoslovakia
1921day.year
The Communist Party of Spain is founded, and issues the first edition of Mundo obrero.
The Communist Party of Spain was founded on November 14, 1921, and published its first newspaper, Mundo obrero. This event marked the rise of communist ideology and organized labor in Spain.
On November 14, 1921, in Madrid, a group of activists formally established the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) to advance workers’ rights and socialist ideals. The same day, they published the inaugural issue of Mundo obrero, their official newspaper that became the party’s voice. Mundo obrero covered labor disputes, union activities, and socialist theory, quickly gaining a dedicated readership. The PCE’s formation occurred against a backdrop of post–World War I social unrest and growing discontent with the monarchy. Despite facing suppression under various regimes, the party managed to expand its membership through grassroots organization. During the Spanish Civil War, the PCE played a significant role in the Republican government and resistance efforts. Although banned under Franco’s dictatorship, the PCE persisted clandestinely until Spain’s transition to democracy. Today, the PCE is recognized as one of the oldest political parties in the country, with its origins traceable to this historic founding event.
1921
Communist Party of Spain
1967day.year
The Congress of Colombia, in commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the death of Policarpa Salavarrieta, declares this day as "Day of the Colombian Woman".
Colombia's Congress declares November 14 as the Day of the Colombian Woman to honor revolutionary heroine Policarpa Salavarrieta.
In 1967, the Congress of Colombia officially designated November 14 as the Day of the Colombian Woman to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Policarpa Salavarrieta's death. Known affectionately as La Pola, Salavarrieta was a key figure in Colombia's struggle for independence, serving as a spy and symbol of patriotic sacrifice. Her execution by Spanish royalists in 1817 cemented her legacy as a national heroine. The holiday recognizes the contributions and achievements of Colombian women across all sectors of society. It fosters public awareness of gender equality and women's rights, featuring events, educational programs, and ceremonies nationwide. Each year, institutions and community groups organize talks, awards, and cultural exhibitions to honor both historical and contemporary female role models. The designation underscores Colombia's commitment to acknowledging the pivotal role of women in its history and ongoing development.
1967
Congress of Colombia
Policarpa Salavarrieta
1970day.year
Soviet Union enters ICAO, making Russian the fourth official language of organization.
The Soviet Union joins the International Civil Aviation Organization, adding Russian as its fourth official language.
On November 14, 1970, the Soviet Union formally acceded to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the UN agency responsible for global aviation standards. With its entry, ICAO recognized Russian as its fourth official language alongside English, French, and Spanish. This addition acknowledged the Soviet Union's expanding civil aviation network and its contributions to international air travel. Incorporating Russian improved communication in safety protocols, documentation, and multilingual meetings for Russian-speaking member states. Soviet membership also granted the USSR a voice in shaping international aviation regulations and technical standards. The move reinforced ICAO's commitment to linguistic diversity and global cooperation during the Cold War. It marked a significant step in the integration of Soviet aviation into the broader framework of international civil aviation.
1970
Soviet Union
ICAO
1973day.year
The Athens Polytechnic uprising, a massive demonstration of popular rejection of the Greek military junta of 1967–74, begins.
Students occupy the Athens Polytechnic, igniting mass protests against Greece's military junta.
On November 14, 1973, students at the National Technical University of Athens occupied the Athens Polytechnic campus, launching a pivotal uprising against Greece's military junta. Using a pirate radio broadcast, protesters called for democracy, free speech, and the end of authoritarian rule, inspiring citizens across Athens. The nonviolent sit-in grew into widespread demonstrations, attracting workers, intellectuals, and clergy to the streets. Security forces eventually stormed the campus on November 17, using tanks and force to quell the rebellion. Despite the brutal crackdown, the uprising eroded the regime's legitimacy and energized a national resistance movement. It highlighted the power of civilian protest and civil disobedience in challenging authoritarian governments. The Athens Polytechnic uprising is remembered as a symbol of democratic struggle and a catalyst for the junta's downfall in 1974.
Athens Polytechnic uprising
Greek military junta of 1967–74
1975day.year
With the signing of the Madrid Accords, Spain abandons Western Sahara.
Spain signs the Madrid Accords, ending its colonial administration of Western Sahara.
On November 14, 1975, Spain formally signed the Madrid Accords with Morocco and Mauritania, terminating its colonial rule over Western Sahara. The agreement partitioned administrative control of the disputed territory between the two neighboring states without consulting the indigenous Sahrawi population. Spain's withdrawal preceded Morocco's organization of the 'Green March,' a massive civilian demonstration into Western Sahara to assert territorial claims. The Accords aimed to establish a transitional authority but failed to resolve competing sovereignty disputes, leading to prolonged conflict. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic was proclaimed by the Polisario Front, which waged a guerrilla campaign against Moroccan and Mauritanian forces. The Western Sahara issue remains one of Africa's longest-standing disputes, marked by refugee crises and intermittent ceasefire agreements. The Madrid Accords illustrate the complexities of decolonization and the challenges of achieving lasting peace through negotiated settlements.
1975
Madrid Accords
Western Sahara
1977day.year
During a British House of Commons debate, Labour MP Tam Dalyell poses what would become known as the West Lothian question, referring to issues related to devolution in the United Kingdom.
MP Tam Dalyell raises the 'West Lothian question' in Parliament, challenging the fairness of UK devolution.
On November 14, 1977, Labour MP Tam Dalyell voiced a constitutional dilemma during a House of Commons debate, later termed the 'West Lothian question.' He questioned why Scottish and Welsh MPs could vote on England-only matters when English MPs had no reciprocal influence over devolved issues. Dalyell's query exposed a growing imbalance in the UK's proposed devolution plans and sparked extensive debate over fair parliamentary representation. The West Lothian question became a central issue in discussions of constitutional reform, influencing proposals like 'English Votes for English Laws.' It has persisted through successive governments, Brexit negotiations, and renewed campaigns for Scottish independence. Dalyell's challenge highlighted the complexities of governing a multi-national state and continues to shape UK politics and constitutional scholarship. Today, the West Lothian question remains a key consideration in debates on sovereignty, devolution, and the future of the United Kingdom.
1977
House of Commons
Labour
Tam Dalyell
West Lothian question
devolution in the United Kingdom
1979day.year
US President Jimmy Carter issues Executive Order 12170, freezing all Iranian assets in the United States in response to the hostage crisis.
President Carter issues Executive Order 12170, freezing Iranian assets amid the hostage crisis.
On November 14, 1979, President Jimmy Carter signed Executive Order 12170, immediately freezing all Iranian government assets held in the United States under the Trading with the Enemy Act. The move aimed to intensify economic pressure on Iran following the seizure of American hostages in Tehran. By blocking billions of dollars in assets, the administration sought to force Iranian authorities to negotiate for the hostages’ release. This decisive action marked a significant escalation in U.S.-Iran relations and underscored the use of financial sanctions as a diplomatic tool. The order remained in effect until the hostages were freed in January 1981.
1979
Executive Order 12170
1982day.year
Lech Wałęsa, the leader of Poland's outlawed Solidarity movement, is released after eleven months of internment near the Soviet border.
Polish dissident leader Lech Wałęsa is released after eleven months of internment under martial law.
On November 14, 1982, Lech Wałęsa, the iconic leader of Poland’s banned Solidarity movement, was released from internment near the Soviet border after eleven months in detention. Wałęsa had been held following the imposition of martial law by General Wojciech Jaruzelski’s regime in December 1981. His release symbolized a cautious political thaw amid international condemnation of Poland’s crackdown on dissent. Emerging as a hero to millions of Poles, Wałęsa resumed his clandestine efforts to organize workers and advocate for human rights. His leadership in the years that followed paved the way for peaceful negotiations that ultimately ended Communist rule in Poland.
1982
Lech Wałęsa
Solidarity
internment
1984day.year
Zamboanga City mayor Cesar Climaco, a prominent critic of the government of Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, is assassinated in his home city.
Cesar Climaco, mayor of Zamboanga City and Marcos critic, is assassinated in his hometown.
On November 14, 1984, Zamboanga City mayor Cesar Climaco, a vocal opponent of President Ferdinand Marcos’s authoritarian regime, was fatally shot in his vehicle outside his home. Known for his unwavering stand against corruption and nepotism, Climaco had become a symbol of local resistance and integrity. His assassination shocked the Philippines and deepened public disenchantment with Marcos’s rule. Despite multiple investigations, the case remains officially unsolved, fueling ongoing debates about political violence under the dictatorship. Today, Climaco is celebrated as a martyr for good governance and civic courage.
1984
Zamboanga City
Cesar Climaco
Ferdinand Marcos
1990day.year
After German reunification, the Federal Republic of Germany and Poland sign a treaty confirming the Oder–Neisse line as the border between Germany and Poland.
Germany and Poland sign a treaty confirming the Oder–Neisse line as their border after reunification.
On November 14, 1990, following German reunification, the Federal Republic of Germany and Poland formally ratified a treaty affirming the Oder–Neisse line as their official border, established at the end of World War II. This agreement resolved one of the most enduring territorial disputes in postwar Europe and solidified peaceful relations between the two nations. By recognizing the boundary, Germany acknowledged the border first drawn under the Potsdam Agreement of 1945. The treaty paved the way for increased diplomatic, economic, and cultural cooperation. It remains a cornerstone of stability and reconciliation in Central Europe.
1990
German reunification
Federal Republic of Germany
treaty
Oder–Neisse line