December 20

Sidney Hook was a leading figure in 20th-century pragmatism and a prominent advocate for democratic socialism turned staunch anti-communist. As a professor at New York University, he mentored generations of students and edited the landmark series The Great Ideas. He authored over 30 books, including a definitive biography of John Dewey and critical essays on totalitarianism. Hook helped shape American intellectual life through his writings and lectures, emphasizing individual liberty and social responsibility. His legacy endures in debates on pragmatism, education, and the role of intellectuals in public life.

David Bohm was born in Pennsylvania in 1917 and studied under J. Robert Oppenheimer at Princeton. He made significant contributions to quantum mechanics, proposing the pilot-wave theory now known as the Bohm interpretation. After being blacklisted in the United States, he continued his research in Brazil and later in the United Kingdom. Bohm explored connections between physics and philosophy, authoring the influential work "Wholeness and the Implicate Order". He also investigated neuropsychology and dialogue as tools for understanding consciousness. His interdisciplinary approach bridged science and spirituality and continues to inspire thinkers worldwide.

Born in Zurich, de Botton studied at Cambridge University before earning a degree at the Courtauld Institute of Art. He gained fame with his debut novel 'Essays in Love' and continued with popular works such as 'The Consolations of Philosophy' and 'The Art of Travel'. In 2008, he founded The School of Life to provide lessons on emotional intelligence, relationships, and creativity. De Botton's writing blends philosophical insight with accessible prose, making complex ideas relatable. His contributions have helped reinvigorate public interest in philosophical discourse.