December 27

Teofil Rutka (1622–1700) was a 17th-century Polish philosopher whose work contributed to the intellectual life of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He engaged with contemporary debates in metaphysics and ethics, bridging theological and philosophical thought. Rutka’s writings, largely in Latin, reflect the scholastic traditions of his time. Though his works remain lesser known today, they offer valuable insight into the scholarly pursuits of his era. His legacy is noted among historians of early modern European philosophy.

Born in Groningen in 1721, François Hemsterhuis initially studied law before turning to philosophy. He published influential dialogues and essays on beauty, taste, and ethics, drawing on Platonic and Enlightenment ideas. Works such as "Letters on the Beautiful" established him as a leading voice in European aesthetic theory. Hemsterhuis corresponded with prominent intellectuals and influenced early Romantic thinkers. His clear prose and philosophical depth earned enduring recognition in the Netherlands and beyond. He died in 1790, leaving a rich legacy in Enlightenment thought.